1. Presented By
Dr. R.K. KHANDAL
DIRECTOR
WATER: SOURCES AND
SUSTAINABILITY
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007
Email : sridlhi@vsnl.com Website : www.shriraminstitute.org
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2. PROFILE
 Where does the water come from?
 Where does it go to?
 Natural cycle of water
 Properties of water
 Uses of water
 Availability of water
 Sustainability of water
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3.  Comes from no where
 Exists every where
 Exists in different forms
 Flow from place to place
 Stays safe if stuck
Where does water come from?
Macro Level
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Where does water come from?
Macro Level
 Sources of water mean availability of large
quantity of water
 Sources are formed due to collection and
containment
 All sources may not be exploitable
 Water has to be made available from different
accessible sources
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 Protect  Preserve  Conserve

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Where does water come from?
Micro Level
UNTREATED
FORM
RAINS CANALS
RIVERS
PONDS
LAKES
UNDER GROUND
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Where does water come from?
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 Treatment for making it free from hazardous impurities,
undesirable substances & pathogenic microbes
Untreated form Treated form
Municipality
Private Agencies
Civil
Supplies
Micro Level

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Where does water come from?
 All neat forms may not require treatment
 All treated water must comply with minimum
quality standards
 Quality would vary with the source
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Monitoring quality is the key !

8. Where does it go to?
Goes to Process
Atmosphere
Under ground
Mountains( Snow)
Rivers
Oceans
Plants
Waste Stream
Goes to Everywhere
Evaporation
Percolation
Precipitation
Gravity
Gravity
Photosynthesis
Industrial
House HoldUNICEF WORKSHOP

9. UNICEF WORKSHOP
Water : Natural Cycle
EARTH AS
A BASE
RIVERS
RAINS
OCEANS
WATER
CLOUDS
Snow
Surfaces
Gravitational
flow
UNDER GROUND WATER
Evaporation
Movement
Pressure
Tem
perature
Precipitation
ATMOSPHERE
Percolation
Gravitational
flow

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 Reusing of earth’s water in altered forms
 Same water goes around and around
 Atmospheric water is much cleaner as compared to
water that exists on earth subject to air pollution level
 All kinds of human activities, different microbes,
industrial effluent are major causes of water pollution
forms on earth
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Water : Factors Affecting Cycle

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Water : Factors Affecting Cycle
 Factors: Temperature, Winds and Winds Speed, Surface
activities
 Driving Force: Pressure difference, Temperature
gradient, Weather.
 Stabilizing forces: Vegetation, forests, flora and fauna,
marine life
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 Protection of the cycle can be achieved
through stabilizing forces

12. Properties of Water
Physical Properties
Neutral pH
Colourless
Odorless
• Acquires colour of the dissolved entity
• Acquires odour of the dissolved entity
• Acquires taste of the dissolved entity
• Can be mixed with any component without
affecting the taste of that component
Tasteless
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• Dissolved impurities may change it pH

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Properties of Water
Polar
 All above properties of water make it vulnerable for its purity
 Eventhough non-reactive, inert and stable, tendency to turn
into waste is very high
Solvent
: Dissolves various salts & hydrotropes
: Picks up solids, liquids & gases
Stable : Holds substances including pollutants
without reacting with them
Nutrient : Microbial growth

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Properties of Water
Chemical Properties
Free Flowing
Finds its way by itself
Takes everything along
Specific Heat: 4180 J/Kg.K
Specific Gravity: 1
Boiling Point: 100°C
Freezing Point :0°C
Reference for measurements
of properties of other
substances
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Universal Solvent Medium for dissolution
Industrial uses

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Properties of Water
Coexists in all the three forms at the same time i.e.
Only solvent that
SOLIDLIQUID
GAS
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O
cean
Land
Arctics
Direction of equilibrium decides sustainability of
water availability

16. Other metals
Nutrients & Micronutrients
Water
Transition metals
IV group
 Cationic impurities
 Depending upon the counter ions, metallic ions get dissolved
 Pollutants are of concern for health safety
 Impurities with adverse effect are critical for industrial and other applications
V group
Alkali
Alkaline
Earth
III group
Impurities
Adverseeffect
Impurities
Positiveeffect
Pollutants
Water : Interaction with Metals

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Organic Liquid
Water
Soluble
Polar compounds
Solution of Polar
compounds
Moderately
non-polar
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Emulsions
Dispersions
Highly insolubleMiscible
Separation
Soluble organic compounds:easy to remove even if they form azeotropes
Insoluble liquids leave residues : real cause of concern
Highly non-polar
Sedimentation Creaming
Insoluble
Water : Interaction with Organic Liquids

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Solids
Water
Soluble
Dissolved
Solution of salts Miscible
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Non-miscible
Colloidal
dispersion
Insoluble
SettledSuspended
Micro
dispersion
Sediment
 Total Solids: Solubles + Insolubles
Water : Interaction with Solids

19.  Anionic impurities
 Need to be monitored as per the requirements of application
 Critical for suitability for various application including for drinking purposes
Water Gas Polluted water
Water
NO2
NO2
-
NO3
NO3
-
NH3
NH4
+
CO2
CO3
-2 SO3
SO4
-2
SO2
SO3
-2
I2 I-
Br2 Br-
Cl2
Cl-
He
H2
N2
O2
Noble
gases
NonPolluting
Water : Interaction with Gases
Polluting

20. Uses of Water
Humans, Animals, Industries
are major sources of waste
water: Major Drawers!
Transportation  Partial
waste water: Minor drawers
Flora
Water
Life-Support
systems
Animals Humans
Atmosphere Underground
Lower plants Higher plants
Transportation
InfrastructureIrrigation
Industries
Sustainability of Environment
•Uses •Wastes
Plant
Humans
Animals
Life support systems
Infrastructure
Irrigation
Industries
Transportation
Waste 
Waste 
Waste 
Waste 
Waste 
Waste 
Waste 

21. Drinking Water : Availability
Estimate of the share of people in developing
countries with access to drinking water

22. Water Stress
Water withdrawal to availability ratio: Water stress indicator
Water withdrawal
Water Resources
Total Renewable sources
= Water Stress
Deterioration of fresh water resources
Quantity Quality
Over-exploitation
of water bodies
Dry rivers
Eutrophication
Saline intrusion etc.
Organic Matter pollution

23. Availability of water for drinking: Factors affecting quality
IndustrializationMedical waste
Deforestation
Improper sanitation
Transportation
Household
products
BOD, COD, Oil & grease, H/C,
Phenolics, Dyes, metals, VOCsDrugs, Antibiotics
Microbes,
bacterials, viruses
Metals Mining
CO2, Green
House gases
Agrochemicals &
fertilizers
Residual
pesticides
CFCs, Solvents, VOCs,
detergents, etc.
Oil & grease,
PAH, Pet. H/C
Recreation
Anions, Surfactants
Deterioration of
water quality
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WASTE
Sustainability: Understanding
WATER WASTE WATER
ENVIRONMENT
NET LOSS
Replenishment
Net Gain
Evaporation
Evaporation
USERS
CLOUDS
Precipitation
Drawl
W
astage
Precipitation
USERS
Drawers: Animal Kingdom
Humans & human activities
Replenishers: Plants
Microbes
 Waste water > Replenishment  Not sustainable
 Waste water = Replenishment  Long-term sustainability
 Waste water < Drawl  Short-term sustainability

25. Under-developed
countries
Needing support
Developing countries
With High growth rate
Needing hand-holding
Needing focus
Developing countries
With Low growth rate
Needing prioritization
Developed countries
WaterResourceManagementPractices
Industrialization
Sustainability: Global Dynamics
Managing resources means:
 Assured growth
 Sustenance of Life-Support systems
 Societal Development

26. THANK YOU