MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION

MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS
IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION –
CONSTRUCTING EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (EISI) INDEX
AND EDUCATION INTELLECTUAL INDEX (EICI)
BACKED WITH CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND ANOVA
VJIM 11/1/14 PGDM
TEAM # 1
RAHUL S UDAI SAI PRAJEETH REDDY PRADEEP VARMA DEEPTHI J

MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION –
CONSTRUCTING EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (EISI) INDEX AND EDUCATION INTELLECTUAL INDEX (EICI)
1
1 CONTENTS
2 Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Keywords: ........................................................................................................................................................2
3 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................2
4 Materials and Methods.........................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Study Area........................................................................................................................................................3
4.2 Methodology....................................................................................................................................................4
4.2.1 Data collection and Database generation..................................................................................5
4.2.2 Index generation..................................................................................................................................5
5 Results and interpretation..................................................................................................................................7
5.1 School Infrastructure...................................................................................................................................7
5.1.1 SISI – School Infrastructure Index................................................................................................9
5.2 Classroom Conditions............................................................................................................................... 11
5.3 The EISI – Educational Infrastructure Index .................................................................................. 12
5.4 Intellectual capital analysis.................................................................................................................... 13
5.5 EICI – Educational Intellectual Capital Index ................................................................................. 14
6 Discussion............................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 EISI vs EICI.................................................................................................................................................... 15
7 Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................. 17
8 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.1 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1.................................................................................................................................................................................3
Figure 2.................................................................................................................................................................................7
Figure 3.................................................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 4.................................................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 5.............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 6.............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 7.............................................................................................................................................................................. 16

2
MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION – CONSTRUCTING EDUCATIONAL
INFRASTRUCTURE (EISI) INDEX AND EDUCATION INTELLECTUAL INDEX (EICI)
2 ABSTRACT
This paper was written to measure the educational standards of the newly formed Telangana
state and it aim to suggest an alternative way of conducting a research about the same. The
research is conducted using MS Excel, and R Studio software. Indexes were constructed using the
method already followed in studies but the validity of the index is backed up by the cluster
analysis of the variables. The EISI index composed of two more indexes i.e. School Infrastructure
Index (SISI) and Classroom Condition Index (CCI). SSI consisted of many component indicators
like Girls toilets, Playground, Electricity, Computer Lab, drinking water etc. while CCI induced
only three components classrooms in good condition, with minor repairs and major repairs. The
final results were presented using polygon graphs, bubble charts and cluster dendrograms. The
results show that, Hyderabad the capital city of Telangana needs a lot of attention to its secondary
school quality mainly infrastructure.
2.1 KEYWORDS:
Telangana, Secondary education, Index, Infrastructure, Intellectual capital, cluster analysis.
3 INTRODUCTION
Education is one of the most important
factor that drives economic growth of the
nation, and India being the developing
country and one of the top 10 economies of
world there is a need to understand the
problems that education sector is facing and
solve them to keep up the pace. After
nineties, secondary and higher education in
India is experiencing structural changes due
to the process of globalization. The post
nineties period witnessed a considerable
increase in the infrastructure at tertiary
level. (Gouri Sankar Bhunia, 2012)
This study was stared with an aim to solve
the problems that the newly formed
Telangana state may face regarding
education sector and help the government to
allot funds where it is necessary, to get
maximum ROI and be more efficient.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) had a goal of
universal elementary education by 2010,
and buy then there was tremendous growth
at elementary level in spite of scarce
resources. The problem was secondary
education, even today the secondary school
in India do not have proper facilities to carry
on their activities very seamlessly, even if
the facilities have been provided by the
government the absenteeism of both
students and teachers is making the job even
tougher for the government.
The facilities that are needed to facilitate
effective education development and
learning in an educational institution
includes the girl’s toilet, library, boundary
wall, computer, playground, classrooms,
drinking water facility etc. Nevertheless
mere providing these facilities does not
account of the education development, there
is a need to improve the intellectual capital
also.

3
4 MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1 STUDY AREA
Telangana 12th largest state in India spread over 114,840 km2 is situated at 17.3660° N, 78.4760°
E. (Figure 1). Earlier most of it was a part of princely state of Hyderabad ruled by Nizam of
Hyderabad during British rule. Later on November 1st 1958, due to linguistic reorganization of
the states it was merged with Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh. On June 2nd 2014, Telangana
was separated from Andhra Pradesh as a new 29th state of India. (wikipedia, n.d.)
Figure 1

4
Table 1 shows some basic information about the state.
Table 1
Country India
Region South India
Established 2 June 2014
Capital Hyderabad†
Largest city Hyderabad
Districts 10
Government
• Governor E. S. L. Narasimhan
• Chief minister Kalvakuntla Chandrasekhar Rao (TRS)
• Legislature Bicameral (119 + 40 seats)
• Lok Sabha constituencies 17
• High Court High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad
Area†
• Total 114,840 km2 (44,340 sq. mi)
Area rank 12th
Population (2011)[1]
• Total 35,193,978
• Rank 12th
• Density 310/km2 (790/sq. mi)
Demonym Telanganite
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code IN-xx (not assigned)
Vehicle registration TS
Literacy 66.50%
Official language Telugu, Urdu
Website telangana.gov.in
The telgana state consists of 10 districts i.e. Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam,
Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy and Warangal. According to the 2011
census, Telangana literacy rate is 67.22%. Male literacy and female literacy are 75.6% and
58.77% respectively. (Telangana Government)
4.2 METHODOLOGY
The analysis was made on basis of the data provided by SSA – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, this study
was done mainly using Ms Excel, R Studio and Adobe Photoshop.

5
4.2.1 Data collection and Database generation
The data was collected from SSA – Hyderabad office and it was segregated using MS Excel. Data
was filtered to eliminate the primary and upper primary schools. Pivot charts were used to
consolidate data to district level and then percentages were calculated, the data was separately
maintained in different spreadsheets like, School Infrastructure Attributes, Classroom conditions
and Teachers Qualification. Then .csv files were generated and were subjected to analysis using
R Studio.
4.2.2 Index generation
Index generation was done using equation 1. This was taken from already done studies in
calculating indexes (Aiga, 2006), and the weightages for the component indicators for individual
indexes were taken like wise. The indexes developed are the following.
1. EISI – Educational infrastructure index
a. SISI – School Infrastructure index
b. CCI – Class room condition index
2. EICI – Educational intellectual capital index
𝑋( 𝛼) = (
∑ 𝑤 𝑖 𝑋𝑖
𝛼𝑁
𝑖=1
∑ 𝑤 𝑖
𝑁
𝑖=1
)Equation 1
An index is defined as a generalized mean X (a) (‡0) with the weights of wi (>0) for N components
i (=1,2,3,. . .,N). SISI and CCI were calculated by using N = 8, 3 respectively.
4.2.2.1 SISI calculation
The component indicators for calculating SISI are the following, Girls Toilets, Drinking Water,
Electricity, Boundary Wall, Library, Playground, Computer Lab, Ramps. Equation 2 is used in
calculation of SISI
𝑆𝐼𝑆𝐼(𝛼) = (
∑ 𝑤𝑖 𝑋𝑖
8
𝑖=1
∑ 𝑤 𝑖
8
𝑖=1
)Equation 2
= (
𝑤1 𝑋1 + 𝑤2 𝑋2 + 𝑤3 𝑋3 + 𝑤4 𝑋4 + 𝑤5 𝑋5 + 𝑤6 𝑋6 + 𝑤7 𝑋7 + 𝑤8 𝑋8
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + 𝑤4 + 𝑤5 + 𝑤6 + 𝑤7 + 𝑤7
)
= (
1.2 𝑋1 + 1.3 𝑋2 + 1.0 𝑋3 + 1.2 𝑋4 + 1.8 𝑋5 + 1.0 𝑋6 + 1.5 𝑋7 + 0.9 𝑋8
1.2 + 1.3 + 1.0 + 1.2 + 1.8 + 1.0 + 1.5 + 0.9
)
Table 2
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8
Girls
Toilers
Drinking
Water
Electricit
y
Boundary
Wall
Librar
y
Playgroun
d
Compute
r Lab
Ramps
1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.0 1.5 0.9

6
Table 2 maps the component indicators with their respective weightages.
4.2.2.2 CCI calculation
The component indicators that are used in this index were condition of the classrooms i.e. Good,
Needs Major repair and needs minor repair.
𝐶𝐶𝐼( 𝛼) = (
3
𝑖=1
∑ 𝑤 𝑖
3
𝑖=1
)Equation 3
= (
𝑤1 𝑋1 + 𝑤2 𝑋2 + 𝑤3 𝑋3
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3
)
= (
5.9 𝑋1 + 1.8 𝑋2 + 2.4 𝑋3
5.9 + 1.8 + 2.4
)
Table 3
X1 X2 X3
Classrooms in Good Condition Classrooms need Major
Repairs
Classrooms needs Minor
Repairs
5.9 1.8 2.4
Table 3 shows the component indicators with their respective weightages used in calculating CCI.
4.2.2.3 EISI calculation
Education infrastructure index is just an average of SISI and CCI of that particular district.
4.2.2.4 EICI Calculation
The component indicator that are taken into consideration while calculating the EICI are the
educational qualification of the teacher of Telangana state. Equation 4 gives the calculation of the
index.
𝐸𝐼𝐶𝐼( 𝛼) = (
5
𝑖=1
∑ 𝑤 𝑖
5
𝑖=1
)Equation 4
= (
𝑤𝑖 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑤𝑖 𝑋2 + 𝑤3 𝑋3 + 𝑤4 𝑋4 + 𝑤5 𝑋5
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + 𝑤4 + 𝑤5
)
= (
0.9 𝑋1 + 1.5 𝑋2 + 2.1 𝑋3 + 2.7 𝑋4 + 2.7 𝑋5
0.9 + 1.5 + 2.1 + 2.7 + 2.7
)
Table 4
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
Secondary Higher Secondary Graduate PG M.Phill
0.909091 1.515152 2.121212 2.727273 2.727273

7
Table 4 shows the component indicators with their respective weightages used in calculating EICI.
5 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
The details of the interpretation are presented below.
5.1 SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE
Figure 2
From figure 2 it is quite evident that all the districts are good when electricity and Boundary wall
is considered, the thing that is very poor in all the districts is Computer lab facility. Which is of
huge weightage in index calculation. So in order to improve the education infrastructure facilities
in the state government can release funds to provide these service in secondary schools.
Hyderabad being the capital of Telangana and being the metropolitan city everyone expects it to
have better infrastructure facilities but this analysis contradicts it, when coming to SISI
Hyderabad scores the least and that is mainly due to large number of schools present in this area.
But when we take the population of Hyderabad into consideration which is significantly much
more bigger than that of the other districts of Telangana there comes the problem, in Hyderabad
there are less number of schools per 1000 of population, and it shows that there is serious need
for government to take steps to improve the standards in its capital city.
But again most of the Greater Hyderabad including some of the mandals of Rangareddy and
Medak the picture will be different again.
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
90.000
100.000
School Infrastructure attributes
Girls Toilers Drinking Water Electricity Boundary Wall
Library Playground Computer Lab Ramps

8
Figure 3
Figure 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Girls
Toilers
Drinking
Water
Electricit
y
Boundary
Wall
Librar
y
Playgroun
d
Computer
Lab
Ramp
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ADILABAD
HYDERABAD
KARIMNAGAR
KHAMMAM
MAHBUBNAGAR
MEDAK
NALGONDA
NIZAMABAD
RANGA REDDY
WARANGAL
Polygon Chart - School Infrastructure - Telangana
Girls Toilers Drinking Water Electricity Boundary Wall
Library Playground Computer Lab Ramps

9
Analysing figure 4 and figure 5 it is quite evident that most of the districts are doing bad with
Computer lab and ramps, and the districts which are doing bad with computer lab is also bad in
ramps. When cluster analysis was done and all the components are arranged into three clusters
the following result is found.
And observing the polygon graph we will know the following
Cluster Observation
1 These are the components of the school infrastructure where
the districts are not doing well.
2 These are important components but are doing moderately
well by all the districts.
3 This cluster contains components like Electricity, boundary
and library were almost all the districts have been able to do a
good job.
5.1.1 SISI – School Infrastructure Index
The formula used for calculating this index is already shown in the methodology section here we
intend to show the results obtained with rankings of the districts.
Table 5
District School Infrastructure Index Rank
ADILABAD 64.42466 6
HYDERABAD 53.31877 10
KARIMNAGAR 62.00738 7
KHAMMAM 68.16062 1
MAHBUBNAGAR 59.09663 9
MEDAK 60.88762 8
NALGONDA 66.24893 2
NIZAMABAD 65.20679 4
RANGA REDDY 65.03716 5
WARANGAL 65.27298 3
Cluster 1
•Computer Lab
•Ramp
Cluster 2
•Girls Toilets
•Drinking Water
•Playground
Cluster 3
•Electricity
•Boundary wall
•Library

10
Figure 5
ADILABAD 1
HYDERABAD 2
KARIMNAGAR 3
KHAMMAM 4
MAHBUBNAGAR 5
MEDAK 6
NALGONDA 7
NIZAMABAD 8
RANGA REDDY 9
WARANGAL 10
The clustering was done with the help of R Studio and the Data provided by SS, with 8 components
that are listed in SISI. The results showed high collaboration with the index which does add to the
credibility of it. The clustering show that there are 3 clusters with following districts in each of
them.

11
When Kmeans clustering was done with R Studio, it clearly shows that Hyderabad is an outlier
with its very low score in School Infra structure index.
5.2 CLASSROOM CONDITIONS
Classroom is one of the most important aspect of an infrastructure of a school, The Head Master
of Bhashyam School in Bachupalli area told us that “Classrooms when not in good condition will
certainly effect the concentration of the student while the lectures are going on, which will affect
there mark inturn.” This calls for giving a higher weightage to the classroom condition or a
different index all together.
The results of the CCI are given below.
Table 6
District Classroom Condition Index Rank
ADILABAD 53.720 4
HYDERABAD 51.809 6
KARIMNAGAR 57.356 2
KHAMMAM 54.117 3
MEDAK 51.039 9
NALGONDA 51.048 8
NIZAMABAD 51.107 7
WARANGAL 51.029 10
Cluster 1 • Hyderabad
Cluster 2
• Adilabad
• Mahabubnagar
• Karimnagar
• Medak
Cluster 3
• Rangareddy
• Nalgonda
• Warangal
• Khammam
• Nizamabad

12
5.3 THE EISI – EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INDEX
This index is just the average of the SISI and CCI, results follow.
Table 7
District Infrastructure Index Rank
ADILABAD 59.072 4
HYDERABAD 52.564 10
KARIMNAGAR 59.682 2
KHAMMAM 61.139 1
MEDAK 55.963 9
NALGONDA 58.649 5
NIZAMABAD 58.157 7
WARANGAL 58.151 8
With these results it’s evident that the government need to have a greater fund raising towards
the infrastructure development in Hyderabad in secondary schools.
61.139
59.682
59.557
59.072
58.649
58.629
58.157
58.151
55.963
52.564
INFRASTRUCTURE INDEX - TELANGANA

13
5.4 INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ANALYSIS
The polygon analysis of the educational qualifications of the teachers in different districts of
Telangana follows, it reveals some interesting facts.
Percentage of teacher with secondary education was omitted because there a very less variation
shown in that component. This statement is even backed by analysis of variance done in excel.
The variance was very high in teachers with PG in among the districts, and even the variance in
the EICI being low we can tell this is the pain point for intellectual capital. The data shows that
Teachers with M.Phill qualification are very low in almost all the districts.
The highest percentage of teachers with PG are present in Mahabubnagar and that makes it sit
right on top of all other districts with respect to EICI.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Higher Secondary
Graduate
PG
M.Phill
Chart Title
ADILABAD HYDERABAD KARIMNAGAR KHAMMAM
MAHBUBNAGAR MEDAK NALGONDA NIZAMABAD
RANGAREDDI WARANGAL

14
Table 8
Table 8 shows the variances within the components.
5.5 EICI – EDUCATIONAL INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL INDEX
District Name Intellectual Capital Index Rank
ADILABAD 20.789 10
HYDERABAD 21.379 7
KARIMNAGAR 21.709 3
KHAMMAM 22.067 2
MEDAK 21.532 6
NALGONDA 21.589 5
NIZAMABAD 21.625 4
RANGAREDDI 21.368 8
WARANGAL 21.163 9
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Secondary 10 36.39475 3.639475 1.276599
Higher Secondary 10 117.8097 11.78097 9.28587
Graduate 10 560.926 56.0926 11.74296
PG 10 279.5469 27.95469 15.15615
M.Phill 10 5.322689 0.532269 0.039439
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 20801.64 4 5200.411 693.3693 8.64E-40 2.578739
Within Groups 337.5092 45 7.500204
Total 21139.15 49

15
6 DISCUSSION
6.1 EISI VS EICI
To draw the relation between these two indexes bubble charts were created using excel and they
follow.
Figure 6
The figure 6 the X-Axis is the EISI, Y-Axis is EICI, and the size of the bubble indicates number of
schools per 1000 population. The details are tabulated below.
District Infrastructure Index Intellectual Index
Schools/1000
People
Bubble
Colour
ADILABAD 59.07 20.79 0.315
HYDERABAD 52.56 21.62 0.310
KARIMNAGAR 59.68 21.71 0.360
KHAMMAM 61.14 21.53 0.265
MAHBUBNAGAR 59.56 21.38 0.269
MEDAK 55.96 21.37 0.294
NALGONDA 58.65 22.44 0.353
NIZAMABAD 58.16 21.59 0.311
RANGA REDDY 58.63 21.16 0.310
WARANGAL 58.15 22.07 0.360
20.50
20.70
20.90
21.10
21.30
21.50
21.70
21.90
22.10
22.30
22.50
51.00 53.00 55.00 57.00 59.00 61.00
EISI VS EICI
EISI
EICI

16
Figure 7
District
Infrastructure
Index
Intellectual
Index
Total Number of
schools
Bubble
Colour
ADILABAD 59.07 20.79 862.000
HYDERABAD 52.56 21.62 1242.000
KARIMNAGAR 59.68 21.71 1372.000
KHAMMAM 61.14 21.53 741.000
MAHBUBNAGAR 59.56 21.38 1088.000
MEDAK 55.96 21.37 890.000
NALGONDA 58.65 22.44 1229.000
NIZAMABAD 58.16 21.59 793.000
RANGA REDDY 58.63 21.16 1644.000
WARANGAL 58.15 22.07 1268.000
Khammam which is having the smallest bubble size in figure 7 shows is the one which I having
highest Educational Infrastructure Index. But this does not hold true, with others. But Khammam
is not at its best with Educational Intellectual Index.
20.50
20.70
20.90
21.10
21.30
21.50
21.70
21.90
22.10
22.30
22.50
51.00 53.00 55.00 57.00 59.00 61.00
EISI VS EICI
EISI
EICI

17
7 CONCLUSIONS
The main concern of this study was to develop an alternative way of conducting a research on
secondary education sector in Telangana region and understanding the standards the state
maintains. Surprisingly the results show that Hyderabad has poor infrastructure facilities in
secondary schools, the reason for this is beyond the scope of this study. But certainly that is a
concern for the present government with the status of its capital city. Index developed was backed
up with cluster analysis and analysis of variances.
These two indexes i.e. EISI and EICI are good indicators of the quality of education in the state
and can be extended towards country and also granulated data.

18
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
(n.d.).
Aiga, H. (2006). Measurinf access to continuing professional education amoung the health
workers in Ghana: Constructing and Index. Social Indicator Research, 77, 449-478.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, P. K. (2012). Assessment of School Infrastructure at Primary and Upper
Primary Level: A Geospatial Analysis. Journal of Geographic Information System, 2012, 4,
412-424, 412-424.
Telangana Government. (n.d.). Retrieved from telangana.gov.in:
http://www.telangana.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf
wikipedia. (n.d.). Telangaga. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana

MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION

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