This document provides an overview of industrial manufacturing processes and miscellaneous topics related to materials. It discusses the importance of materials in engineering and how different manufacturing methods can contribute to technological and socioeconomic development. Specific topics covered include plastics and composite materials, their properties and types. The document also discusses sources and remedies for contamination in the carpet and textile industry.

1. PRESENTATION ON INDUSTRIAL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
UNIT-5
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
submitted to:
Dr. K.K. GOSWAMI
Mr. ANUPAM AGARWAL

2.  SUBMITTED BY-
1) AVINASH KUMAR SINGH
2) ARVIND KUMAR YADAV
3) KISHAN KUMAR JAISWAL
4) SUBHAM KUMAR
5) SHIVRAJAN JAISWAL
6) RUPESH JHA
7) RAJKUMAR VERMA
8) MAHENDRA KUSWAHA
9) SATENDRA PRATAP SINGH
10) SHASHIKANT MAURYA
11) TEJAN KUMAR
12) ROHIT KUMAR

3. Importance of material
Methods of manufacturing towards technological and socio-economic developments
Plastics and composite materials
Contamination, Sources& remedies for carpet /textile Industry
Industrial
Manufacturing
Process
•Unit-5

4.  MATERIAL
 Material is something that consist of matters.
 Material comprise a wide range of metals and non-metals, which must be
operated upon form the finished product.
 This end product may be an automobile, computer, bridge, so an engineer
must have an adequate knowledge of properties and behavioral
characteristics of materials.

5.  IMPORTANCE OF MATERIAL
The importance of materials lie in the fact that they satisfy the engineering
requirements for making engineering components such as crankshaft,
spanner, etc.
The materials selected for making components have such properties as
they will permit the component parts to perform their function successfully
when they are use.
Materials can be easily fabricated as they have various properties such as
machinability, ductility, castability, heat treatability, weldability, etc.
Materials helps in providing proper service required if they are of proper
strength wear resistant and corrosion resistant.
Economically, minimum overall cost may be achieved by proper selection
of both technical and marketing variable.

6.  METHODS OF MANUFACTURING TOWARDS
TECHNOLOGY & SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENTS.
Manufacturing is the backbone of any economy.
Manufacturing industry provides employment to hundreds of people.
Manufacturing provides an opportunity for establishing of allied industries.
It provides a boots to service industry catering to the people employed.
Manufacturing is considered as a wealth-producing sector of an economy.
It provides important material support for national infrastructure and for
national defense.

7.  PLASTICS AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Plastics are mouldable organic resins .
Polymers compounded with fillers, plasticizers or pigments are known as
plastics.
The structure and molecular weight of plastics is comparable to that of
high polymers.
For production of plastics, a monomer is starting component.
It is heated in a reactor with or without the addition of catalyst and coloring
pigments.

8.  PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS
 They are less brittle than glass.
 They can made transparent.
 They are light in weight.
 They have high corrosion resistance.
 They passes high strength and toughness.
 They can be economically mass produced.

9.  TYPES OF PLASTICS
 Thermoplastics:
 These resins soften and re-soften on subsequent heating , hence they can be re-
moulded by application of heat and pressure.
 Examples- polyethylene , polystyrene , polycarbonate , etc.
 Thermosetting resins:
 These resins often on heating and can be formed to any shape by application of
pressure.
 On cooling they become hard & rigid.
 They can not be re-soften on re-heating.
 Example-phenol formaldehyde resins(Bakelite), polyester resins, etc.

10. COMPOSITE MATERIALS
 Composite material is defined as a material formed by the combination of
two or more materials exhibiting properties that are vastly different from
those of individuals constituents.
 They have superior strength, rigidity or high temperature resistance, can
be formed with choice of available materials.
 Microstructure of a composite material distinctly shows the individual
constituents.
 The base material is called the matrix and the other material is called the
additive or the reinforcing phase.

11.  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Reinforced
material
Particle reinforced Fiber reinforce
Matrix
material
Ceramic matrixMetal matrix Polymer matrix

12.  PARTICLE REINFORCED
 In this type of composites, the matrix is the load bearing constituent
and it contains particles that are added and uniformly dispersed in
matrix.
 The combination of dispersed particles and matrix makes the material
hard and difficult for deformation.
 The particles used are metallic or ceramic and available in natural or
powder form.
 Examples of these composites and concrete wooden board cutting
tools etc.

13.  FIBER REINFORCED
 Similar to particles reinforced type, these composites also have matrix as
its load bearing constituents.
 The dispersed phase is in the form of fibers.
 Fiber have higher length to diameter ratio in the range of 100 to 200.
 Fibers improve tensile strength of the composites.
 Examples are automobiles tyres, containing steel wires in rubber, glass
reinforced plastics etc…

14.  METAL MATRIX
 These composites consists of metals as matrix.
 The reinforced materials used can be fibers, particles etc.
 These composites can withstand high temperature and strength
depending on the metal used.
 Sometimes metal alloys are also used as matrix.
 Examples are graphite flakes embedded in aluminum etc..

15.  POLYMER MATRIX
 These composites consist of polymer as matrix.
 Polymers improve wettability and reinforcement property of the composite
material.
 These composites can be fabricated in complex shapes.
 Usually fibers are used to improve tensile strength of polymer matrix.
 Examples are glass reinforced plastics etc..

16.  CERAMIC MATRIX
These composites consists of ceramics as matrix.
These ceramic materials are used as metal oxides, metal nitrides etc.
These composites have high temperature sustaining ability.
These are brittle in nature.
Usually fiber reinforcement is not used in such composites as at high
temperature fibers loose their tensile strength.
Examples are structural material for aerospace military and other
commercial appliances.

17.  CONCRETE CEMENT
 Cement is particle re-inforced type of composite .
 In this type of composites, the matrix is load bearing constituents and it
contains particles that are added and uniformly dispersed in the matrix.
 The combination of dispersed particles and matrix makes the material
hard and difficult for deformation.
 The particle used are metallic or ceramic and available in natural or
powdered form.
 Examples are concrete, wooden board, cutting tools etc..

18.  CONTAMINATION, SOURCES AND REMEDIES
FOR CARPET/TEXTILE INDUSTRY
 Physical contaminations such as soil particles ,dust ,dirt, and presence of other heavy
metals.
 Chemical contaminations such as excess of chemicals used during bleaching,
soaping, dyeing, finishing etc.
 Bacterial contaminations are made by leaving the carpet wet for hours.
 Manual contaminations are also considered which are done by mistake during carpet
or yarn or fabric manufacture.
 The physical contamination can be prevented by proper process sequence to a limited
and isolated place.
 Chemical and manual contaminations are terminated by taking proper care and by
applying precautions at every step in industry.
 Bacterial problems can be removed by applying proper environmental conditions to the
goods.

19. CONTAMINATION SOURCES REMEDY
Physical contaminants such as dirt,
dust & other heavy metals.
Cultivation sites & breeding sites of
sheep.
Dust free environment for raw material
storage & regular floor cleaning.
Pesticides Cotton growing region & treated
sheep for wool.
Ensuring healthy pastures for sheep
breeding & healthy cotton growing
region.
Effluents/Sludge Wet processes. Setting up of effluent treatment
plant(ETP) & incineration to destroy
organic chemicals and metals.
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) Wet processes, textile finishing &
dyeing.
Limited use of voc creating solvents &
utilising carbon adsorbers.
Bacterial attack Storage of carpet at moist place. Wrap the carpets in polyethylene sheet
& store at dry place.
Formaldehyde cross linking agents Wrinkle resist chemical after dyeing
i.e. easy care finishing treatment to
avoid itching.
Use formaldehyde free cross linking
agents based on dimethyl urea &
glyoxalin.