2. OBJECTIVES
Define acute pancreatitis
Etiological factors of pancreatitis
Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis
Enlist the clinical manifestations
Identify the complication
Diagnostic evaluation
Discuss the treatment modalities of acute pancreatitis
3. Surgical management of acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Clinical manifestations of chronic pancreatitis
Diagnostic evaluation of chronic pancreatitis
Management of chronic pancreatitis
Preventive and health promotion measures for pancreatitis
7. MEANING
Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the
pancreas .
The degree of inflammation varies from mild edema
to severe haemorrhagic necrosis .
Acute pancreatitis is common in middle aged men
and women
8. CAUSES
Two main causes for pancreatitis are
Gallstones (38%)
Alcohol (36%)
Other, less common causes of acute pancreatitis
include
Trauma (postsurgical, abdominal)
Viral infections mumps
Coxsackievirus B, HIV
Penetrating duodenal ulcer cysts
9. CAUSES
Metabolic disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperlipidemia
Renal failure
Vascular diseases.
Pancreatitis may occur after surgical procedures on
the pancreas, stomach, duodenum or biliary tract.
10. CAUSES
Abscesses
Cystic fibrosis
Kaposi sarcoma
Certain drugs (corticosteroids, thiazide , diuretics,
oral contraceptives, sulfonamides NSAIDs)
Pancreatitis can also occur after ERCP.
In some cases the cause is unknown (idiopathic)
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Etiological factors
Cause injury to pancreatic cells
Activation of the pancreatic enzymes
Reflux of bile acids into the pancreatic
ducts
Open distended sphincter of Oddi causes reflux
due to blockage
13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
ABDOMINAL PAIN
Steady and severe excruciating
Located in the left upper quadrant or in
the mid epigastrium may radiate to the
back
Worsened by lying supine may be
lessened by flexed knee, curved back
positioning
14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
VOMITTING
Varies in severity but is usually
protacted.
Worsened by ingestion of food
or fluid.
Does not relieve the pain.
Usually accompanied by
nausea.
19. • Serum amylase: Levels elevated within a few hours
of disease onset
• Serum lipase: Levels remain elevated up to 7 days
after disease onset
• Serum glucose: Hyperglycaemia of 500 to 900 mg/d
• Serum calcium: Hypocalcaemia from calcium
sequestering in abdomen; hypocalcemia is a poor
prognostic sign
DIAGNOSIS
23. COLLABORATIVE CARE
GOALS
1) Relief of pain
2) Prevention or alleviation of shock
3) Reduction of pancreatic secretions
4) Correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances
5) Prevention and treatment of infections
6) Removal of the precipitating cause
24. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
Focused on primary care:
1) Aggressive hydration
2) Management of metabolic complications
3) Minimization of pancreatic stimulation
25. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
1) Management of pain
IV morphine ( pain medication may be
combine with antispasmodic agents)
Spasmolytics : Nitroglycerine or papaverine
2) Supplemental oxygen: To maintain oxygen
saturation > 95%
3) Serum glucose : Monitored for Hyperglycemia
26. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
If shock present
1) Blood volume replacement
2) Plasma or plasma volume expanders : Dextran
or albumin may be given
3) Fluid and electrolyte: Ringer’s lactate solution
4) Increase vascular resistance with hypotension
: Vasoactive drug such as dopamine
27. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
To Suppress the pancreatic enzymes
1)The patient to be kept in NPO
2) NG suction :
To reduce vomiting and gastric distension
To prevent gastric acid contents from entering into
the duodenum
3) Drugs such as Antacids, PPI, Acetazolamide
28. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
4) Enteral nutrition : For patients who does not resume
oral intake
5) Antibiotic therapy: In patients with acute necrotizing
pancreatitis
6) Endoscopic or CT guided percutaneous aspiration
with gram stain and culture may be performed
29. SURGICAL THERAPY
1) Acute pancreatitis related to Gallstone:
ERCP together with endoscopic spinchterotomy
followed by laproscopic cholecystectomy to reduce
potential for recurrence
2) Severe acute pancreatitis:
Drainage of necrotic fluid collections
30. DRUG THERAPY
DRUG MECHANISM OF ACTION
Morphine Relief of pain
Antispasmodic (e.g diclyclomine) Decrease vagal stimulation , motility,
pancreatic outflow
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
(acetazolamide)
Decrease volume and bicarbonate
concentration of pancreatic secretion
Proton pump inhibitors Decrease acid secretion (HCL acid
stimulate pancreatic activity )
Antacids Neutralization of gastric hydrochloride
acid secretion
31. NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
Initially the patient to kept on NPO to decrease the gastric
acid secretions
Enteral feeding: Nasojejunal feeding tube
IV lipids : Blood triglyceride levels are monitored
When food is allowed, small, frequent feedings are given.
Carbohydrate rich diet should be given
Needs to abstain from alcohol
Supplemental fat-soluble vitamins may be given
32. CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
DEFINITION
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterised by
prolonged pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis
leading eventually to destruction of pancreatic
parenchyma and loss of exocrine and endocrine
function
36. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Abdominal pain :
oEpisode of acute pain and it remains almost
constant
oPain may be locate in the same area as acute
pancreatitis
oDescribe as heavy, gnawing feeling or
sometimes burning and cramplike
37. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Others include:
Malabsorption with weight loss constipation, mild
jaundice with dark urine, steatorrhea and diabetes
mellitus
Staetorrhea may be voluminous, foul smelling fatty
stools
Urine and stool may be frothy
Some abdominal tenderness may be present
38. COMPLICATIONS
Pseudocyst formation
Bile duct or duodenal obstruction
Pancreatic ascitis
Pleural effusion
Splenic vein thrombosis
Pseudoaneurysm
Pancreatic cancer
44. SURGICAL MANGEMENT
Other surgical procedures:
Revision of the sphincter of the ampulla of Vater
Internal drainage of a pancreatic cyst into the
stomach
Insertion of a stent and wide resection or
removal of the pancreas.
46. SURGICAL MANGEMENT
Gall bladder disease : The obstruction is treated by
surgery to explore the common duct and remove the
stones; the gallbladder is removed at the same time.
Drainage : common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
A T-tube usually is placed in the common bile duct,
requiring drainage system to collect the bile
47. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Health History.
Assess for
History of gallbladder disease
History of other GI diseases (e.g., peptic ulcer
disease, IBD)
History of alcohol use: amount and duration
Medications in use: prescription, over the counter,
and herbal preparation
48. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Onset and progression of symptoms such as:
Pain, which is often steady and severe; is located in
the epigastric or umbilical region or may radiate to the
back; worsens when patient is supine; is unrelieved
by vomiting
Nausea and vomiting
49. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Physical Examination.
Assess for:
Vital sign indications of hypovolemia: tachycardia,
tachypnea, normal to low blood pressure,
restlessness, and anxiety
Abdominal rigidity, distention, guarding, and
tenderness to palpation
50. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Diminished or absent bowel sounds on
auscultation
Fever : > 102° F
Signs of third spacing: falling urinary output,
decreased skin turgor, dry or sticky mucous
membranes, increased abdominal girth
51. PRIORITIZED NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Acute pain related to inflammation, edema,
distension of pancreatic capsule and activation
of pancreatic enzyme
Ineffective breathing pattern related to severe
pain, pulmonary infiltrates , pleural effusion,
atelectasis and elevated diaphragm
52. PRIORITIZED NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Risk for deficient fluid volume related to vomiting,
hyperglycemia, and increased capillary permeability
secondary to acute pancretitis
Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to
vomiting, NPO status and malabsorption secondary to
pancreatitis
Impaired skin integrity related to poor nutritional status,
bed rest, multiple drains, and surgical wound
53. Does mortality occur early or late in acute
pancreatitis?
Abstract:
Several prior studies have suggested that 80% of deaths in acute
pancreatitis occur late as a result of pancreatic infection. Others have
suggested that approximately half of deaths occur early as a result of
multisystem organ failure. The aim of the present study was to
determine the timing of mortality of acute pancreatitis at a large tertiary-
care hospital in the United States.
54. CONCLUSION
Conclusion:
Approximately half of deaths in acute pancreatitis occur
within the first 14 days owing to organ failure and the
remainder of deaths occur later because of complications
associated with necrotizing pancreatitis. Improvement in
mortality in the future will require innovative approaches to
counteract early organ failure and late complications of
necrotizing pancreatitis.
Authors
Muthoka Mutinga,Adam Rosenbluth,Scott M. Tenner,Robert R. Odze
Gregory T. Sica, Peter A. Bank
55. REFERENCES
BOOKS
Lewis, Driksen, Heikemper, Bucher. Lewis Textbook of
medical surgical nursing- 2nd edition
Urden D.L StacyM.K Laugh E.M Textbook For Critical
Care Nursing
Myers/Gulanick, Nursing Care Plans. Nursing Diagnosis
And Interventions 6th edition
Linda s. Williams, Paula D. Hopper. Textbook of medical
surgical nursing-4th edition