Vision & Mission, Course profile, :Lesson Plan, Definition on hydrology, hydrologic cycle, uses of hydrology, solar and earth radiation, temperature, measurement of radiation, vapor.

1. World University of Bangladesh
Program : B.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Class Lectures’ Notes
Hydrology, CE 904
Engr. Rabindra Ranjan Saha, PEng
Assoc Prof.
Head
Department of Civil Engineering.
1
10-07-2019

2. 2
Course Title: Hydrology
Course Code : CE 904
Course Outlines
Hydrologic cycle. Weather and Hydrology. Precipitation, Evaporation
and Transpiration. Infiltration. Stream flow. Application of telemetry
and remote sensing in hydrologic data acquisition. Rainfall runoff
relations. Hydrographs, unit hydrographs. Hydrologic routing.
Statistical methods in hydrology.

3. 3
World University of Bangladesh
World University of Bangladesh
Vision of World University of Bangladesh
To create leadership who will make his/he brains as well as the tiniest factory
capable of making enormous contributions to economic emancipation and social
well being of Bangladesh.
Mission of World University f Bangladesh
To become a university of quality and distinction enabling students to
flourish academically, personally, and socially through utilitarian education
at an affordable cost. The academic programs of this university are
continually being updated and improved to reflect the latest development in
Engineering education.
Vision of Civil Engineering Department
To be an internationally renowned Civil Engineering Department for producing
leader of the leaders who will contribute to economic emancipation as well as
national development in the field of Civil Engineering
Mission of Civil Engineering Department
To advance engineering knowledge and learning through utilitarian
education and research in the pursuit of fulfilling aspiration of the University
and Nation

4. 4
Course Profile
Course Title : Hydrology Course ID: CE 904
Rationale This course is intended for hydrologist, civil engineers, highways
engineers and environmental engineers. After studying this
course they will gain knowledge about the weather system and
stream flow. It will also provide knowledge about the discharge
measurement and the flow in the channel. Design of flood level
and forecasting flood and flood routing. This course will also able
them to (i) estimate water resources (ii) the study of processes
such as precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration and their
interaction and (iii) study of problems such as floods and
droughts and strategies to combat them.
Outcomes At the end of this course, students will be able to
1. apply the hydrology and hydrological cycle, weather pattern and
temperature; analyze carry out an assessment of rainfall runoff
systems and measurement of precipitation
2. understand frequency analysis and planning issues for urban and
rural drainage design, evapotranspiration, PET and stream flow
measurement, hydrograph
3.ability to solve flooding problems, flood forecasting and flood routing.
Table-1

5. 5
Unit Learning Outcomes Course content Teaching
Learning
strategy
Assessment
strategy
Explai hydrology and its application.
Illustrate hydrological cycle
Differentiate between rainfall and
runoff.
Illustrate infiltration and Ø-Index
Calculate Ø-Index
Introduction,
hydrology,
hydrological
cycle, weather
and temperature,
rainfall and runoff,
infiltration
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and class
presentation
Elaborate and classify precipitation.
List the methods of measuring
precipitation
Estimate evapotranspiration and
PET
List the methods of stream flow/
discharge measurement.
Calculate stream flow/discharge
Precipitation,
evapotranspiratio
n and PET,
estimation, stream
flow/discharge
measurement
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and class
presentation
Course Profile(contd.)
Table-1

6. 6
Elabortae flood and flood
routing and hydrograph
Illustrate flood routing method
for forecasting flood. Analyze
flood hydrograph.
Hydrograph and unit
hydrograph, flood,
flood forecast, and
flood routing,
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and class
presentation
Main References (1) Elizabeth M. Shaw, Hydrology in Practice
(2) Hydrology for Engineers. by Ray K. Linsley.
(3) Engineering hydrology by K. Subramanya
Course Profile (contd.)
Table 2: Course Outcome (CO) and Programme Outcome (PO) relationship
Course
Code
PO
CO
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CE904
1 √
2 √
3 √

7. 7
Course Title: Hydrology
Course ID: CE904
Rationale
This course is intended for hydrologist, civil engineers, highways engineers and
environmental engineers. After studying this course they will gain knowledge
about the weather system and stream flow. It will also provide knowledge about
the discharge measurement and the flow in the channel. Design of flood level
and forecasting flood and flood routing. This course will also able them to (i)
estimate water resources (ii) the study of processes such as precipitation,
runoff, evapotranspiration and their interaction and (iii) study of problems such
as floods and droughts and strategies to combat them.
Outcomes
At the end of this course, students will be able to
1. apply the hydrology and hydrological cycle, weather pattern and temperature;
analyze carry out an assessment of rainfall runoff systems and measurement of
precipitation
2. understand frequency analysis and planning issues for urban and rural
drainage design, evapotranspiration, PET and stream flow measurement,
hydrograph
3. ability to solve flooding problems, flood forecasting and flood routing.
Lesson Plan

8. 8
Week Unit Learning Outcome Course content Teaching
Learning
Strategy
Assessment
Strategy
1 Program Outcome (PO),
Vision, Mission, Objectives,
CO-PO relationship
Introduction,
Description,
Conclusion
Explain hydrology;
List the practical application of
hydrology
Describe hydrological cycle
Hydrology and its
application,
hydrological cycle
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and
feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz and
class
presentation
2 Explain weather
Describe different pattern of
weather.
Illustate the relation between
weather and temperature
Weather, weather
pattern and
temperature,Precipit
ation,
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and
feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz and
class
presentation
3 Elaborate precipitation with its
types.
Describe the procedure of non
recording rain gauge for
measuring of precipitation.
Solve example
Precipitation, types
of precipitation and
rain gauge
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and
feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz and
class
presentation
Lesson Plan(contd.)

9. 9
4 Describe rainfall runoff
and infiltration
Derive correlation
between rainfall and
runoff
Estimate Ø-Index
Rainfall, runoff, estimate
rainfall and runoff,
infiltration.
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination and
Quiz and class
presentation
5. Illustrate wilting point,
permanent wilting
point, field capacity,
Wilting point, permanent
wilting point, field capacity
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination and
Quizand class
presentation
6 List the methods to
estimate
evapotranspiration PET
Eevapotranspiration,
methods of measurement
of evapotranspiration, PET
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination and
Quiz and class
presentation
7 Solve problem on
evapotranspiration and
estimate the daily
potential
evapotranspiration
(PET) using Penman’s
equation
Evapotranspiration,
methods of measuring
evapotranspiration, PET
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination and
Quiz and class
presentation
8. Mid Term Examination
Lesson Plan(contd.)

10. 10
9. List the different methods
for measurement of stream
flow
Describe area velocity
method.
Solve example
Stream flow/stage ,
stream flow/stage
measurement
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz and
class
presentation
10. Explain hydrograph. with its
elements.
List the methods of base
flow separation, describe
straight flow method
Hydrograph, elements,
base flow separation
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz and
class
presentation
11. Describe DRH and effective
rainfall hydrograph (ERH)
Estimate the DRH for given
stream flow
Solve for effective rainfall
DRH, Effective rainfall
and problems
Lectures, power
point presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz and
class
presentation
Lesson Plan

11. 11
12 Describe unit
hydrograph with
assumptions.
Derive DRH and ERH
Unit hydrograph,
weakness,
Derivation of DRH
from given unit
hydrograph
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz
and class
presentation
13. Elaborate the methods
for derivation of unit
hydrograph for different
durations.
Solve problem for given
hydrograph.
Derivations of unit
hydrograph of
different durations
with problems
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz
and class
presentation
14. Narrate flood and flood
routing, Describe the
hydrological channel
routing for storage
estimation - Muskingum
Equation
Floods, predictions of
extreme flood values,
flood routing
Lectures,
power point
presentation,
and feedback.
Assignment,
Examination
and Quiz
and class
presentation
Main References
(1) Elizabeth M. Shaw, Hydrology in Practice
(2) Hydrology for Engineers. by Ray K. Linsley.
(3) Engineering hydrology by K. Subramanya
Lesson Plan

12. 12
Course Title: Hydrology; Course Code: CE 904
Lecture-1
Hydrology :The term hydrology is from Greek word: hydōr,
"water"; and logos, "study". The hydrology means the science of
water. It is the science that deals with the occurrence, circulations
and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere.
(i) estimation of water
resources
(ii) the study of processes such as precipitation,
runoff, evapotranspiration and their interaction
(iii) study of problems such as floods and droughts and
strategies to combat them
In general hydrology deals with

13. 13
Hydrological Cycle
Definition: The various aspects of water related to the earth
can be explained in terms of a cycle known as the hydrologic
cycle.
The various aspects of hydrologic cycle are
Evaporation from water bodies
Water vapor moves upward
Cloud formation
Condensation
Precipitation
Interception
Transpiration
Infiltration
Deep percolation
Ground water flow
Lecture-1 (contd.)

14. 14
Hydrologic cyclic process
The hydrological cycle is visualized as beginning with the evaporation of
water from oceans. The resulting vapor is transported by moving air
masses. Under the proper conditions, the vapor is condensed to form
clouds, which in turn may result in precipitation. The precipitation which
falls upon land is dispersed in several ways.
Hydrologic cycle (contd.)
Lecture-1 (contd.)

15. 15
Cloud
Snow.
` Condensation Precipitation
Interception
Evaporation
Transpiration
Water Table
Hydrologic cycle(contd.)
Earth
surface
Ocean
River
Sun
Lake
Plants
Figure 1-1: Hydrological cycle
Cloud
Lecture-1 (contd.)

16. 16
Hydrologic cycle(contd.)
Lecture-1 (contd.)

17. 17
The greater part is temporarily retained in the soil near where it
falls and is ultimately returned to the atmosphere by evaporation
and transpiration by plants. Rainfall reaching the ground may
collect to form surface runoff or it may infiltrate into the ground.
The liquid water in the soil then percolates through the
unsaturated layers to reach the water table where the ground
becomes saturated, or it’s taken up by vegetation from which it
may be transpired back into the atmosphere. The surface runoff
and ground water flow join together in surface and rivers which
may be held up temporarily in lakes but finally flow into the
ocean. Water covers 70% of the Earth's surface.
Hydrologic cycle(contd.)
Lecture-1 (contd.)

18. 18
Applications (Practical use of Hydrology)
Hydrology mainly used in connection with the design and operation
of hydraulic structures
 Determining the water balance and agricultural water balance of a
region
Designing riparian restoration projects
Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk
Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning
Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity
Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling
Providing drinking water
Designing bridges, dams for water supply or hydroelectric power
generation
Lecture-1 (contd.)

19. 19
Weather and Hydrology
The hydrologic characteristics of a region are
determined largely by its geology and geography,
climate playing a dominant part. The climatic factors
of a region are the amount and distribution of
 precipitation
 the occurrence of snow and ice;
 effects of wind
 temperature,
 humidity on evapotranspiration and
 snow melt.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

20. 20
Weather
Definition: The state of the atmosphere , to the degree that it is
hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy is called
weather.
Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below
the stratosphere refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature
and precipitation activity.
Climate
The average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of
time is called climate.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

21. 21
Hydrology
The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water
on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle,
water resources and environmental watershed sustainability is
hydrology.
A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist,
working within the field of earth or environmental
science, physical geography, geology or civil and
environmental engineering.
Lecture-1(contd.)

22. 22
Solar and earth radiation
Definition : Solar radiation is the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by the sun often called the solar resource.
Solar radiation is the earth’s principal source of energy,
determines weather and climate. Both earth and sun radiate
essentially as black bodies; i.e. they emit for every wave
length almost the theoretical maximum amount of radiation
for their temperature.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

23. 23
The unit of radiation wavelengths is micrometers
(μm) –10-6 m. Maximum energy of solar radiation is
shortwave in visible range of 0.4 to 0.8 μm. Earth
radiation is about 10 μm ( long wave).
Solar constant : The rate at which solar radiation
reaches the upper limits of earth’s atmosphere on a
surface normal to the incident radiation and earth’s mean
distance from the sun is called solar constant.
Measurement have ranged from 1319 t0 1430 W/m2. 1374
W/m-2 is often used as solar constant.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

24. 24
Measurement of radiation
The instruments used for the measurement of
the Intensity of radiant energy are : two types-
Temperature
The state of weather condition whether hot/cold/worm is
temperature.
The mean daily temperature : may be computed
by several methods. The most accurate practical method
is to average hourly temperatures.
(1) Actinometer (2) Radiometer
Lecture-1 (contd.)

25. 25
Temperature (contd.)
Acceptably accurate results can be obtained by
averaging 3-or 6hr. observations.
In some countries, climatologically observations are
made at hours selected to permit computation of
acceptably daily means by a special formula.
In the United States the mean daily temperature is
the average of the daily maximum and minimum
temperature. This yields a value less than a degree
above the true average. Once-daily temperature are
usually made about 7 am or 5 pm.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

26. 26
The normal daily temperature is the average daily mean
temperature for a given date computed for a specific 30-year period.
The daily range in temperature is the difference
between the highest and lowest temperature recorded on a
particular day.
The Mean Monthly temperature is the average of
the mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures The
mean annual temperature is the average of the monthly means
for the year.
The Degree day is a departure of one degree for one day
in the mean daily temperature from a specified base
temperature.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

27. 27
Water Vapor
The gaseous state of liquid is called vapor.
The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is
directly related to the temperature and thus,
although lighter than air. Water vapor is restricted to
the lower layers of the troposphere because
temperature decreases with altitude. The water
vapor also varies over the Earth’s surface according
to temperature and is lowest at the poles and
highest in Equatorial as a vapor pressure .
Lecture-1 (contd.)

28. 28
The water vapor content or humidity of air is
usually measured as a vapor pressure and the
units are millibars (mb). Average water vapor
values for latitude with temperature Climates
(volume %) as shown in Table 1-1.
Height
(km)
Water vapor Height (km) Water vapor
0 1.3 5 0.27
1 1.0 6 0.15
2 0.69 7 0.09
3 0.49 8 0.05
4 0.37 - 0.05
Lecture-1 (contd.)

29. 29
Saturation
The maximum amount of water vapor in the air that can hold at
its prevailing temperature is called saturation air. At typical
temperatures near the ground , vapor pressure(ea) ranges
from 5 to 50 mb (millibars). At any temperature T = Ta ,
saturation occurs at corresponding vapor pressure e = ea
Dew Point (Td)
Dew point is the temperature Td at which a mass of unsaturated
air becomes saturated when cooled, with the pressure
remaining constant. If the air at temperature Ta is cooled to Td ,
the corresponding saturation vapor pressure, ed represents
the amount of water vapor in the air.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

30. 30
Saturation deficit
The difference between the saturation vapor pressure at air
temperature (Ta ) and the actual vapor pressure represented
by the saturation vapor pressure at Td the dew point is
called Saturation deficit.
The saturation deficit vapor pressure = (ea – ed)
Lecture-1 (contd.)

31. 31
Precipitation
The quantity of water falling to earth at a specific place within a
specified period of time is called precipitation
Canopy interception
The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage(leaves of tree),
eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to
the ground.
Runoff : The variety of ways by which water moves across the
land surface runoff and channel runoff
Infiltration: The flow of water from the ground surface into the
ground
Sublimation: The state change directly from solid water (ice/snow)
to water vapor.
Deposition: The state change directly from water vapor to ice.
Lecture-1 (contd.)

32. 32
Advection:
The movement of water- in solid, liquid or vapor states-through
the atmosphere is advection. Without advection, water that
evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over the land.
Condensation
The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the
air, creating clouds and fog.
Transpiration
The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air.
Lecture-1 (contd.)