The Research Process

2. Groupings
(Grade 12)

3. Grading Systems
•Written Work (25%)
•Performance Task (45%)
•Quarterly Assessment (30%)
Total: 100%

4. Topics covered
THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM
• A scientific problem or question
• Applied and basic research problems
THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
• The scientific literature and its relevance to the chosen
scientific problem
HYPOTHESIS
• Hypothesis formulation
METHODOLOGY
• Designing investigatory methodologies

5. Topics covered
DATA COLLECTION
• Establishing appropriate method of data collection
DATA ANALYSIS
• Extracting useful information from data sets
CONCLUSIONS
• Drawing logical conclusions
RECOMMENDATIONS
• The purpose of making relevant recommendations
THE SCIENTIFIC REPORT/PAPER
• The different components of a scientific report/paper

7. Acrostic Time!!!
•Make an acrostic with the word RESEARCH
•Write your answer in a long coupon bond
inserting in a white folder.
•Deadline: November 6, 2019 (8:30 o’clock)

9. Part III: The Research
Process/ Format
(CapSU Format)
By: Rodel A. Azares

10. The Research Process
The scientific research process is a multiple-step process
where the steps are interlinked with the other steps in the
process. If changes are made in one step of the process, the
researcher must review all the other steps to ensure that the
changes are reflected throughout the process.

11. Part III: The Research Process/ Format
(CapSU Format)
A. The Title or Problem Identification/the
Problem Formulation
B. The Introduction
B.1. The Background of the Study
B.2. The Statement of the Problem/
Objectives of the study
B.3. Hypothesis/es or Hypothesis/es
Formulation (if any)
B.4. Theoretical Framework of the
Study or Theoretical Framework
Construction

12. B.5. Conceptual Framework of the
Study or the Paradigm Construction (if
any)
B.6. The Scope and Limitations of the
Study
B.7. Significance of the Study
B.8. Definition of Terms
C. Review of Related Literature
C.1. Related Literature
C.2. Related Studies
C.3. Synthesis
C.4. (Revised Conceptual Framework)

13. D. Methodology
D.1. Research Design
D.2. Locale and Time of the Study
D.3. Respondents of the Study
D.4. Sample Size and Sampling
Techniques
D.5. Instruments
D.5.1. Validity and Reliability of
the Instruments
D.6. Data Gathering Procedures
D.6.1. Categorization and Scoring of
Variables

14. D.7. Data Analysis Procedures
E. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
of Data
F. Summary of Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations
G. Literature Cited/ References
H. Appendices
I. Report Writing
J.Presentation/Reporting

15. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
A. The Title or Problem
Identification/the Problem Formulation
- The research problem must be definite or
clear expression [statement] about an area of
concern, a condition to be improved upon, a
difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling
question that exists in scholarly literature, in
theory, or within existing practice that point
to a need for meaningful understanding and
deliberate investigation.

16. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
B. THE INTRODUCTION
- this chapter leads the reader from a general
subject area to a particular topic of inquiry.
- It establishes the scope, context and
significance of the research being conducted by
summarizing current understanding and
background information about the topic,
stating the purpose of the work in the form of
the research problem supported by a
hypothesis or a set of questions.

17. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
B.1. The Background of the Study
- this section justifies the EXISTENCE and
SERIOUSNESS of the problem.
B.2. The Statement of the Problem/
Objectives of the study
- this includes the general statement of the
problem and the specific objectives in
interrogative form that the researcher
would like to address to answer the general
problem.

18. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
B.3. Hypothesis/es or Hypothesis/es
Formulation (if any)
- the hypothesis is a tentative explanation,
stated in null form, for a problem that
involves significance of relationship
between/among variables, difference in
values, or effect of a variable on another.

19. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
B.4. Theoretical Framework of the Study or
Theoretical Framework Construction
- this section presents the theory/theories that
explain the possible associations/ interactions
among the constructs overarching the variables
of the study.
B.5. Conceptual Framework of the Study or
the Paradigm Construction (if any)
- this section discusses the assumed
associations/interactions between/among
variables of the study then translated into a
schematic called paradigm.

20. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
B.6. The Scope and Limitations of the
Study
- this presents the nature of the study in terms
of: the main purpose/objective, the variables
involved, the research design, participants,
sample and sampling procedure, data
gathering and analysis procedures.
B.7. Significance of the Study
- this section identifies the importance of
conducting the study in terms of WHO will
benefit from its findings.

21. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
B.8. Definition of Terms
- this section defines the key term in the
research title, statement of the problem and
methodology in terms of conceptual
definition and operational definition (how
the term is used in the study).

41. Variations in the Legal Drinking Age Among
Places of Pontevedra: Effects and Causes
Biased Media Practices in Television Reporting
Impact of Suicidal attempt on the study habit
of the SHS Students in Pontvedra NHS
Civil Rights Struggles of the 21st Century
Learners towards Community Involvement
Emotional Aspects of Mobile Legend Players

49. Activity Time
Questions
Trek

59. Directions: Identify the following statements of
the problem as to what types of questions fall.
1. What part of the curriculum should be enhanced or
improved?
2. What is the profile of school managers in terms of;
a) age b) educational attainment c) sex
3. What is the level of schools’ effectiveness in terms
of; a) teacher’s performance b) school performance
4. What relationships between age and sex?

60. 5. What are the possible reasons for the low grades of students in
English?
6. What relationships and interrelationships are observed between
and among the following variables?
a) intrapersonal competency b) interpersonal competency
7. What are the effects of traditional methods of teaching to the level
of performance of tourism students?
8. How significantly different is the performance of the morning call
center agents to that of the evening call center agents?
9. What human relation interventions can be adapted to enhance or
improve schools’ effectiveness?
10. What policy is to be formulated to manage the personnel in
government agencies effectively?

78. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
C. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- this chapter gives historical review and
concepts related to your study . The
researcher identifies and addresses the
gaps or controversies in the literature and
topics needing further research.

79. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
C.1. Related Literature
- also called as conceptual literature. This
section discusses in detail the key
variables and concepts involved in the
study.
C.2. Related Studies
- this section discusses and examines other
studies already conducted to which your
study is related to by going through
manuscripts, theses or dissertations.

80. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
C.3. Synthesis
- this ties together the different research
findings reviewed to justify the need to
conduct the study.
C.4. (Revised Conceptual Framework)
-

81. Part III: The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)
Reference:
Retrieved from
http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/lieraturer
eview

82. • A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a
condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling
question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice
that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation. In some social science disciplines the research problem
is typically posed in the form of a question. A research problem does
not state how to do something, offer a vague or broad proposition, or
present a value question.

83. The purpose of a problem statement is
to:
1.Introduce the reader to the importance
of the topic being studied. The reader is
oriented to the significance of the study
and the research questions or hypotheses
to follow.
2.Places the problem into a particular
context that defines the parameters of
what is to be investigated.
3.Provides the framework for reporting
the results and indicates what is probably
necessary to conduct the study and explain
how the findings will present this
information.

84. So What!
In the social sciences, the research
problem establishes the means by which
you must answer the "So What?" question.
The "So What?" question refers to a
research problem surviving the relevancy
test [the quality of a measurement
procedure that provides repeatability and
accuracy]. Note that answering the "So
What" question requires a commitment on
your part to not only show that you have
researched the material, but that you have
thought about its significance.

85. To survive the "So What" question,
problem statements should possess the
following attributes:
•Clarity and precision [a well-written
statement does not make sweeping
generalizations and irresponsible
statements],
•Identification of what would be studied,
while avoiding the use of value-laden
words and terms,
•Identification of an overarching question
and key factors or variables,
•Identification of key concepts and terms,
•Articulation of the study's boundaries or
parameters,
•Some generalizability in regards to
applicability and bringing results into
general use,
•Conveyance of the study's importance,
benefits, and justification [regardless of the
type of research, it is important to address
the “so what” question by demonstrating
that the research is not trivial],

86. •Does not have unnecessary jargon; and,
•Conveyance of more than the mere
gathering of descriptive data providing only
a snapshot of the issue or phenomenon
under investigation

87. There are four general
conceptualizations of a research
problem in the social sciences:
1.Casuist Research Problem -- this type
of problem relates to the determination of
right and wrong in questions of conduct or
conscience by analyzing moral dilemmas
through the application of general rules
and the careful distinction of special cases.
2.Difference Research Problem --
typically asks the question, “Is there a
difference between two or more groups or
treatments?” This type of problem
statement is used when the researcher
compares or contrasts two or more
phenomena.
3.Descriptive Research Problem --
typically asks the question, "what is...?"
with the underlying purpose to describe a
situation, state, or existence of a specific
phenomenon.
4.Relational Research Problem --
suggests a relationship of some sort
between two or more variables to be
investigated. The underlying purpose is to

88. A problem statement in the social
sciences should contain:
•A lead-in that helps ensure the reader will
maintain interest over the study
•A declaration of originality [e.g.,
mentioning a knowledge void, which would
be supported by the literature review]
•An indication of the central focus of the
study, and
•An explanation of the study's significance
or the benefits to be derived from an
investigating the problem.

89. Compelling topic
Simple curiosity is not a good enough
reason to pursue a research study. The
problem that you choose to explore must
be important to you and to a larger
community you share. The problem chosen
must be one that motivates you to address
it.
Supports multiple perspectives
The problem most be phrased in a way
that avoids dichotomies and instead
supports the generation and exploration of
multiple perspectives. A general rule of
thumb is that a good research problem is
one that would generate a variety of
viewpoints from a composite audience
made up of reasonable people.
Researchable
It seems a bit obvious, but you don't want
to find yourself in the midst of investigating
a complex research project and realize
that you don't have much to draw on for
your research. Choose research problems

90. Beware of circular reasoning. Don’t state
that the research problem as simply the
absence of the thing you are suggesting.
For example, if you propose, "The problem
in this community is that it has no hospital."
This only leads to a research problem
where:
•The need is for a hospital
•The objective is to create a hospital
•The method is to plan for building a
hospital, and
•The evaluation is to measure if there is a
hospital or not.
This is an example of a research problem
that fails the "so what?" test because
it does not reveal the relevance of why
you are investigating the problem of having
no hospital in the community [e.g., there's
a hospital in the community ten miles
away] and because the research
problem does not elucidate
the significance of why one should study
the fact that no hospital exists in the
community [e.g., that hospital in the
community ten miles away has no