Technology For Teaching And Learning

1. Technology
For
Teaching& Learning

2. Part 1
How technology has reshaped
Human Cognition
BY: Russel Jane Z. Dulos
BSE-Eng 2

3. Lesson 2
Teaching 21st Century Brains:

4. Twenty-first century brains will slowly adapt to
the technology-rich environment. Nonetheless,
significant brain changes due to heavy exposure
to media technology appear to be overstated.
With advancing technology, it is becoming
increasingly important to identify the types of
digital media and teaching techniques that best
facilitate learning. This chapter explains the
concept of working memory (WM), associates
WM with the frontal-most regions of the brain,
and suggests teaching techniques that are likely
to stimulateWM processing.

5. Working memory or operative
memory, can be defined as the
set of processes that allow us
to store and manipulate
temporary information and
carry-out complex cognitive
tasks like language
comprehension, reading,
learning, or reasoning.
Working memory is a type of short-term memory.

7. Working memory, according to Baddley and Hitch,
is made up of three systems, which include
components for information storage and
processing.
1. The Central Executive System:
Works like an attention supervision system that
decides what we pay attention to and how to
organize a sequence of operations that we will need
to do to do an action.
2. The Phonological Loop:
Allows us to manage and retain spoken and written
material in our memory.

8. 3. Visual-spatial Agenda:
Allows us to manage and retain visual information.

9. Episodic Buffer: integrates information from the
phonological loop, Visio-spatial sketchpad, the long
term memory and the perceptive entrance into a
coherent sequence.

10. 3. Its content is permanently being updated.
It is modulated by the dorsolateral frontal cortex.
Characteristicsof working memory
1. Its capacity is limited. We are only able to store
5-9 elements at a time.
2. It is active. It doesn't only store information, it
also manipulates and transforms it.

11. Examples of working memory
Working memory refers to the ability that allows us
to retain the elements that we need in our brain
while we carry-out a certain task. Thanks to
working or operative memory, we are able to:
• Integrate two or more things that took place close
together. For example, remembering and
responding to the information that was said during
a conversation.

12. • Associate a new concept with previous ideas. It
allows us to learn
• Retain information while we pay attention to
something else. For example, we are able to
prepare the ingredients that we need for a recipe
while we talk on the phone.

13. Factors That Causes WorkingMemory Impairment
Effects of stress on neurophysiology
- Working memory is impaired by acute and chronic
psychological stress
- The more stress in one's life, the lower the efficiency of
working memory in performing simple cognitive tasks.
Students who performed exercises that reduced the
intrusion of negative thoughts showed an increase in their
working memory capacity. Mood states (positive or
negative) can have an influence on the neurotransmitter
dopamine, which in turn can affect problem solving.

14. Effects of alcohol on neurophysiology
Alcohol abuse can result in brain damage which impairs
working memory. Alcohol has an effect on the blood-
oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response.
Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a
decreased BOLD response in these brain regions
Age
Finally, age seems to be an additional factor. Older adults
are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol
on working memory.

15. Relationshipwith neural disorders
An impairment of working memory functioning is
normally seen in several neural disorders:
ADHD - Attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
a neurodevelopmental
disorder characterized by inattention,
or excessive activity and impulsivity,
which are otherwise not appropriate
for a person's age

16. Parkinson's disease: Patients
with Parkinson's show signs of a
reduced verbal function of
working memory. The most
obvious early symptoms
are tremor, rigidity, slowness of
movement, and difficulty with
walking, but cognitive and
behavioral problems may also
occur.

17. Alzheimer's disease: It is the
cause of 60–70% of cases
of dementia. The most
common early symptom
is difficulty in remembering
recent events.
Huntington's disease: also known
as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited
disorder that results in the death of
brain cells.

18. Exhaustion of Working Memory is also possible.
The techniques are avoiding memory overload,
encouraging students to take handwritten notes,
organizing content during the learning process,
teaching students how to search the Internet, and
instructing students to retrieve newly-learned
information.

19. How to Improve Working Memory
Break big chunks of information into small, bite-sized pieces.
Use checklists for tasks with multiple steps.
Develop routines.
Practice working memory skills.
Experiment with various ways of remembering information.
Reduce multitasking.
Use mindfulness to minimize distractions and sharpen working
memory.
Add exercise to your daily routine.

20. References
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280041294_How_H
as_the_Internet_Reshaped_Human_Cognition
https://www.quora.com/How-has-technology-changed-our-
lives
https://www.teachthought.com/learning/creating-the-21st-
century-brain-for-21st-century-learning/
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-41307-002
https://www.cognifit.com/science/cognitive-skills/working-
memory
https://www.additudemag.com/improve-working-memory/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease