bulllet points of the entire animal kingdom chapter for NEET UG preparation

1. STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION
OF ANIMAL KINGDOM
Dr. R. REVAND, M.B.B.S (JIPMER), H.D.C.P.,
House Surgeon, JIPMER Hospital,
Puducherry, India.

2. CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION
• Symmetry – radial / bilateral
• Coelom – acoelomates/ pseudocoelomates / eucoelomates
• Tissue grading and tissue organisation
• Layers of body wall

3. PHYLUM : PROTOZOA

4. PROTOZOA
• Unicellular
• Contractile vacuoles for OSMOREGULATION
• Food vacuoles for DIGESTION
• VORTICELLA – bell animalcule
• PARAMOECIUM – slipper animalcule

5. PARAMOECIUM

6. TRYPANOSOMA

7. TRYPANOSOMIASIS (Sleeping sickness)
• American (CHAGAS) – Reduviid bug
• African – TSE TSE fly - Adenotrophic viviparity – milk glands

8. • Plasmodium – malaria (hemozoin pigment) – F. ANOPHELES
1. P. Falciparum ( most abundant, severe, black water, tertian malaria)
2. P. Vivax
3. P. Malariae
4. P. Ovale
• Entamoeba histolytica – intestinal amoebiasis / amebic dysentery
• Giardia lambia – giardiasis

9. PHYLUM : PORIFERA

10. STRUCTURE – tissue grading

11. • Ostia / oscula
• Collar cells / COLLOBLASTS
• Spicules – scleroblasts (CaCO3) exoskeleton
• Water canal system – no pumping system
• LAYERS
1. PINACODERM
2. MESENCHYME (MESOHYLE)
3. CHOANODERM

12. CHOANOCYTES
Inner layer cells
AMEBOCYTES
phagocytic
MYOCYTES
contractile
SCLEROBLASTS
Forms spicules
THESOCYTES
storage
ARCHAEOCYTES
totipotent

13. TYPES OF SPONGES
• ASCANOID – leucosolenia, Olynthus
• SYCANOID – sycon
• LEUCANOID – leucilla, stellata, oscarella
• RHAGON – spongilla

14. LARVAE
• AMPHIBLASTULA – sycon
• PARENCHYMULA – leucosolenia
• RHAGON – spongilla

15. SYCON – urn / crown sponge

16. EUPLECTELLA
venus basket sponge
HIPPOSPONGIA
Horse sponge

17. HYALONEMA – glass rope sponge

18. HILOCHONDRIA – bread crumb sponge

19. CLIONA – boring sponge

20. CHALINA – dead man’s finger

21. Euspongia / spongilla – fresh water sponge

22. PHYLUM : COELENTERATA / CNIDARIA

23. TISSUE ORGANISATION
BODY WALL
ECTODERM
MESOGLIA
Ganglia - nervous
ENDODERM

24. Nematocyst/ cnidoblast/ stinging cells

25. Alternation of generation

26. TYPES
• HYDRAZOA – hydra ( fresh water polyp) , obelia (sea fur)

27. • Scyphazoa – Aurelia (jelly fish)
• Anthazoa – mesenteries . Metridium, adamsia (sea anemone)

28. LARVAE
• HYDRA – hydrula
• OBELIA – planula
• Aurelia – hydratuba /ephyra (ephyrula)/ scyphistoma (scyphula)

29. Sea pansy – RENILLA

30. Portuguese man of war – PHYSALIA

31. Sea fan – GORGONIA

32. Sea pen - PENNATULA

33. Red coral – CORALLIUM

34. Pipe coral – TUBIPORA

35. Brain coral – DIPLORIA

36. Sea wasp – CHIROPSALMUS

37. Sea walking stick - VIRGULARIA

38. PHYLUM : CTENOPHORA

39. • Sea walnuts
• Comb jellies
• Sea gooseberries
• Bioluminescence
• 8 chitin comb plates
• Exclusively marine

40. ORGANS OF EQUILIBIRIUM / BALANCE
• Lasso cells of colloblast
• Balancer cilia
• Statolith in statocyst

41. MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM
• Ctenoplana
• Pleurobrachia
• NUDA – BEROE – sea thimble / sea mitre / swimming cat
• TENTACULATA – CESTUM – venus girdle
• Larva : CYDDIPID

42. CESTUM – venus girdle

43. BEROE – sea thimble/ sea mitre

44. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
தட்டைப் புழுக்கள்

45. • Tripbloblastic – ectoderm + mesoderm + endoderm
• Acoelomates
• Flame cells / protonephridia / solenocytes / potato cells
• MEHLI’S GLANDS – reproduction

46. SCOLEX OF TAPEWORM

47. CLASSIFICATION
• TURBELLARIA – planaria (dugesia) - total regeneration
• TREMATODA – flukes
• CESTODA - tapeworms

48. TREMATODA (flukes)
• FASCIOLA HEPATICA – liver fluke
• SCHISTOSOMA HEMATOBIUM – blood fluke
• FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI – intestinal fluke
• CHLONORCHIS SINENSIS – Chinese liver fluke

49. CESTODA ( tapeworms)
• TAENIA SOLIUM – pork tapeworm
• TAENIA SAGINATA – beef tapeworm

50. LARVAE
• M – miracidium
• R – redia
• S – sporocyst
• C – cercaria
• M – metacercaria
• C – cysticercus
• H – hexacanth
• O – oncosphere
• G - gotte’s larva
• C – cephalotrocha
• M – Muller’s larva
“MRS. Chemistry Mayil teaches CHO
we became Great CM”
T
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M
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B
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L
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CESTODA

51. PHYLUM : ASCHELMINTHES
NEMATHELMINTHES / NEMATODA
உருடைப் புழுக்கள்

52. • Cuticle – syncytial epidermis
• Pesudocoelomates
• Sexes are separate
• Tubular pharynx and GIT
• RENETTE CELLS / COBB CELLS
sphincter (analogous)

53. Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm)

54. Trichuris trichura (whip worm)

55. Enterobius vermicularis (pin / seat worm)

56. Loa loa (eye worm)

57. Ancylostoma duodenale [old]
Necator americanus [new] (Hook worms)

58. Wuchereria bancrofti [TN]
Brugia malayi [KL] (filarial worms)
• L3 microfilaria
• Female culex mosquito

59. Dracunculus medinensis
(guinea / serpent worm)

60. LARVAE
• HOOKWORM – filariform / rhabtidiform
• FILARIAL WORM – microfilaria (L3)

61. PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
வரிப் புழுக்கள்

62. • Cephalisation – first brain
• Metamerically segmented
• Monoecious Pseudohermaphrodites – PROTANDRY
• MONOECIOUS vs DIOECIOUS vs HERMAPHRODITE
• LARVA : TROCHOPHORE

63. NEPHRIDIA
PHARYNGEAL INTEGUMENTARY SEPTAL

64. CHLOROGOGEN CELLS
• Yellow cells
• Analogous to HUMAN LIVER
• Excretion /metabolism / detoxification
• Pharynx
• Analogous to HUMAN SALIVARY GLANDS
CHROMOPHIL CELLS

65. ANNELIDA
POLYCHETA
Nereis
(sand /rug /clam)
PARAPODIA
OLIGOCHETA
(Phertima,lampito,
megasolex,dravida)
Body setae – locomotion
Penial setae – copulation
HIRUDINIA
Leech
Hirudin
Suckers
ectoparasites

66. ARENICOLA – lug worm

67. ODONTOSYLLIS – FIRE WORM

68. APHRODITE – sea mouse

69. PHYLUM : ARTHROPODA

70. • Largest phylum
• Jointed legs
• Chitin exoskeleton
• OMMATIDIA – compound eye
• OCELLI – simple eye
• Moulting of ecdysis (ECDYSONE)
• Paurometablolic metamorphosis
• Hemolymph

71. “Our Captain Mahi Is Awesome”
• ONYCHOPHORA – peripatus (connecting link – annelida / arthropoda)
• CRUSTACEA – crab, prawn (green glands / antennal glands)
• MYRIAPODA – centipede, millipede
• INSECTA – 6 legged
• ARACHNIDA – 8 legged, cephalothorax

72. REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS
• COLLATERIAL GLANDS – females
• MUSHROOM GLANDS / PHALLIC GLANDS – males
• “Boys usually have mushroom cuts”

73. CORPORA ADIPOSA
CELLS
• OENOCYTES
• MYCETOCYTES
• URATE CELLS
• TROPHOCYTES
FUNCTIONS
• Moulting
• Houses symbiotic bacteria
• Excretion
• Storage

74. FALSE FISHES
CRAY FISH
(ASTACUS)
SILVER FISH
(LEPISMA)

75. LARVAE
• PRAWN
• CRAB
• SILKWORM (BOMBYX)
• HONEY BEE(APIS)
• HOUSEFLY (MUSCA)
• ANOPHELES, CULEX
• Nauplius
• Zoe
• Chrysalis
• Grub
• Maggots
• wriggler

76. PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA
மெல்லுைலிகள்

77. • 2nd largest phylum
• Mantle
• Gill slits – CTINIDIA
• Perioral rasping organs – RADULA
• Chemoreceptors – OSPHARIDIUM
• KEBER’S ORGAN OF BOJANUS - excretion
• HEMOCYANIN
• INK / MANTLE GLANDS – smoke screen – protective camouflage

78. MOLLUSCA
GASTROPODA
Pila
(apple snail)
CEPHALOPODA
Sepia(cuttle fish)
Loligo(squid,sea arrow)
Octopus(devil fish)
BIVALVIA
Unio(fresh water mussel)
Mytilus(sea water mussel)
Pinctada(pearl oyster)

79. DENTALIUM – elephant tusk shell

80. PTEROPOD – sea butterfly

81. CHITON – sea mica

82. DORIS – sea lemon

83. EOLIS – sea slug

84. APLYSIA – sea hare

85. LARVAE
• DENTALIUM – loven’s larva
• UNIO – glochidium, veliger

86. PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA
முள்ளுைலிகள்

87. • Water vascular system – circulation
• Tube feet – locomotion
• Oral groove – ingestion and excretion
• Ambulacral grooves – digestion and nutrition
• LARVA : BIPINNARIA

88. SYMMETRY CONFUSION SOLVED…

89. ANTEDON – sea lily

90. GORGONOCEPHALUS – basket fish

91. ASTERIAS – star fish

92. ECHINUS – sea urchin

93. PHYLUM : HEMICHORDATA

94. • Proboscis glands
• TORNARIA LARVA
• Balanoglossus ( tongue worm / acorn worm)

95. PHYLUM : CEPHALOCHORDATA

96. • AMPHIOXUS (branchiostoma) – Lancet worm

97. PHYLUM : UROCHORDATA

98. • Tunicata
• Atripore
• Ascidian, doliolum, salpa
• HERDMANIA – sea squirt
• RETROGRESSIVE METAMORPHOSIS

99. TRUE CHORDATES

100. FISHES
CYCLOSTOMATA (round mouthed,
jawless fishes)
• Ectoparasites
• PETROMYZON – lampreys
• MYXINE – hag fish
CHONDREICHTYES
• Cartilagenous fishes
• Placoid scales
• SCOLIODON – dog fish (shark)
OSTEICHTHYES
• Bony fishes
• Ctenoid, cycloid scales
• WEBERIAN OSSICLES – hearing and air
bladder to amplify sound
• Venous heart – 2 chambers
• HIPPOCAMPUS ( SEA HORSE)

101. AMPHIBIANS
• SINUS HEART – 3 chambers ( 2 atria + 1 ventricle+ 1 sinus venosus)
• 10 pairs of cranial nerves only
• NEOTENY – adult retaining fetal characters (slowing maturity)
salamander in land -------- axolotl in water ( larval gills persists)
• PEDOGENESIS (accelerated maturity)

102. REPTILES
• Monocondylic skull
• Only LIZARD (GINCKO) has vocal cords
• All reptiles have 3 ½ chambers in heart (incompletely divided
ventricles)
• Except CROCODILE which has 4 chambers in heart

103. BIRDS
• Uropigeal glands (preen glands) in tail – analogous to sebaceous
glands of humans
• Fused clavicle – FURCULA / WISHBONE / MERRY THROUGH BONE
• SYRINX – voice box
• Pneumatic bones

104. MAMMALS
MONOTREMATA
PROTOTHERIA
Egg laying
platypus
MARSUPILIA
METATHERIA
Macropus
kangaroo
PLACENTALIA
EUTHERIA

105. Disclaimer
• These slides were prepared for the class room education purpose for
students preparing for the NEET UG entrance examination for admission
into MBBS in INDIAN MEDICAL COLLEGES
• These information could be considered relevant from their point of view
only
• The author could not be held responsible for any unexpected errors in the
contexts
• Reader’s discretion is advised