Architectural Innovation The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Te.pdf

•

0 likes•4 views

Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms\" defines four types of innovations: incremental, modular, architectural, and radical. Established and stable firms are inherently organized such that incremental and modular innovations are successfully handled. Radical innovations are easily recognized and are managed accordingly by forming specialty design groups to develop them. Architectural innovations use existing core design concepts in a new architecture that have a significant impact on the relationships between components than on the technologies of the components themselves. Architectural innovations are often mistaken for incremental innovations. Management needs to be able to identify architectural innovations such that proper resources are allotted and design groups are restructured. Questions How are component versus architectural knowledge managed inside an organization? How do you identify an architectural innovation? How do you allocate existing resources to develop an architectural innovation successfully? Solution (1) Answer:- Component knowledge is very useful for organization . Component knowledge is the knowledge that relates to a subroutine or discrete aspect of an organization’s operations. It is knowledge that relates to parts or components rather than the whole. Architectural knowledge, conversely, relates to the whole that is, to organization-wide routines and schemas for coordinating the various components of the organization and putting them to productive use. (2) Answer:- We can identify architectural innovation in organization by help of this. Architectural innovation is useful and needs to be applied in the new product, but some of what it knows is not only not useful but may actually handicap the firm. (3) Answer:- Architectural innovation presents established firms with a more subtle challenge. Architectural innovation is embedded in channels, filters, and strategies, the discovery process and the process of creating new information usually takes time..

Education

Similar to Architectural Innovation The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Te.pdf

BTABOK / ITABOK

Maganathin Veeraragaloo

Teaming Up To Crack

aseemsidhu

unit 2 Summer 2019 (11).pptx

SriSusilawatiIslam

Integrating innovation into_enterprise_architecture

bambangpadhi

Agile Thinking Model - 2015

Irene Spitsberg

Success and failure in organizational design

Rajamani5373

Organization development 1

Shoaeb Sheikh

CREATIVITY AND PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION

APGICO- Associação Portuguesa de Inovação e Criatividade

What are High Performance Work Teams (2)

David Hess

Week 3 Discussion Do a web or library search to locate a research study about the effects of one or more environmental factors* that affect cellular respiration or photosynthesis (*examples: temperature, pH, sunlight, nutrients, carbon dioxide, heavy metals, UV light, air pollution, heavy metals etc). Briefly describe the conclusion from this research study in your own words. Include a reference to the article. Your main response should be a minimum of 150 words (more is OK). You must also post a minimum of one significant reply to a classmate's post that contributes to their learning. The reply should be a minimum of 100 words. C Academy ot Managernent Review 1996, Vol. 21. No. 4, 1055-lDBO, ^ THE CHALLENGE OF INNOVATION IMPLEMENTATION KATHERINE I. KLEIN JOANN SPEER SORRA University of Maryland at College Park Implementation is the process of gaining targeted organizational members' appropriate and committed use of an innovation. Our model suggests that implementation eiiectiveness—the consistency and quality of targeted organizational members' use oi an innovation—is a function oi (a) the strength oi an organization's climate ior the implementation oi that innovation and (b) the fit of that innovation to targeted users' values. The model speciiies a range of implementation outcomes (including resietance, avoidance, compliance, and commitment): high- lights the equifinality of an organization's climate ior implementation; describes within- and between-organizational diiferences in innovation-values fit; and suggests new topics and strategies for implementation research. Innovation implementation within an organization is the process of gaining targeted employees' appropriate and committed use of an innovation. Innovation implementation presupposes innovation adoption, that is, a decision, typically made by senior organizational managers, that employees within the organization will use the innovation in their work. Implementation failure occurs when, despite this decision, employees use the innovation less frequently, less consistently, or less assiduously than required for the potential benefits of the innovation to be realized. An organization's failure to achieve the intended benefits of an innovation it has adopted may thus reflect either a failure of implementation or a failure of the innovation itself. Increasingly, organizational analysts identify implementation failure, not innovation failure, as the cause of many organizations' inability to achieve the intended benefits of the innovations they adopt. Quality circles, total quality management, statistical process control, and computerized technologies often yield little or no benefit to adopting organizations, not because the innovations are ineffec- tive, analysts suggest, but because their implementation is unsuccessful We are very grateful to Lori Berman. Amy Buhl, Dov Eden. Marlene Fiol, John Gomperts, Susan Jackson. Steve Kozlowski, Judy Olian. Michelle ...

Week 3 DiscussionDo a web or library search to locate a rese

daniatrappit

Innovation-Reverse innovation by Roy

Divyanshu Roy

Engineering Staffing Services | Mastech Digital

MarryClauria

Organizational Behavior & Organization Designs

Abdullah Razaq

management issues in an organization GROUP D.docx

ALIIHERZI

INNOVATE: 1st Step of INNOVATION

Srashti Patel

Pert17

Teguh Fihaiman

Architectural Innovation.pptx

Erandika Gamage

Collective intelligence

Frank Smilda

IBV - Collective Intelligence

Keith Braswell

We live in an increasingly social world, where advancements in technology are changing how we buy, how we work and how we connect with others. Expanding and overlapping social networks are enabling individuals to express opinions, share expertise with a greater audience and shape decision-making processes on a global scale. Can an organization that chooses to ignore the insights of employees, customers and business partners expect to thrive?

Collective Intelligence Executive Report

None

Similar to Architectural Innovation The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Te.pdf (20)

BTABOK / ITABOK

Teaming Up To Crack

unit 2 Summer 2019 (11).pptx

Integrating innovation into_enterprise_architecture

Agile Thinking Model - 2015

Success and failure in organizational design

Organization development 1

CREATIVITY AND PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION

What are High Performance Work Teams (2)

Week 3 DiscussionDo a web or library search to locate a rese

Innovation-Reverse innovation by Roy

Engineering Staffing Services | Mastech Digital

Organizational Behavior & Organization Designs

management issues in an organization GROUP D.docx

INNOVATE: 1st Step of INNOVATION

Pert17

Architectural Innovation.pptx

Collective intelligence

IBV - Collective Intelligence

Collective Intelligence Executive Report

More from RAJATCHUGH12

Why is the T7 polymerase gene in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) under the control of an inducible promoter? Solution The T7 polymerase gene in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) under the control of an inducible promoter because many expression plasmids often use these \"inducible expression system\" when adding inducible promoters such as \"IPTG\" to the medium. These inducible promoters are going to prevent formation of dead cells by promoting synthesis or protein expression of T7 RNA polymerase in E coli cells finally growth phase of cells will be health to reach appropriate \"cell density\". Therefore, these inducible promoters are going to activate expression of plasmid systems using medium finally these inducible promoters control problems produced via toxic protein products formation.

Why is the T7 polymerase gene in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) under the .pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

What type of utility program is designed to automatically make dupli.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

Which of the following is true of xylem? conducts water up the plant conducts mineral ions up the plant connects with roots connects with leaves all of these Solution Ans E all of these Vascular bundles are of two types, xylem and phloem. Xylem conducts water and minerals from the roots to all other parts of the plant where the photosynthesis takes place. It also connects to leaves and roots. Its a unidirectional flow of water and minerals up the plant against the gravity..

Which of the following is true of xylem conducts water up the plant .pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

What are the essential elements to have in BR/DR plans? When is a disaster considered officially \"over\"? Spell out and provide definitions for the following acronyms: COOP MTBF MTTR RPO RTO Solution Essential elements in BR/DR plans are: MTBF: Mean Time Between Failure It is a dependability term used to give the amount of failures per million hours for a product. This is the most common examination about a product’s life duration, and is significant in the decision-making procedure of the end user. MTBF is significant for business and integrators than for consumers. MTTR : Mean Time To Repair It is the time required to restore a failed hardware component. In an operational system, repair generally means restoring a failed hardware element. RPO: Recovery Point Objective It expalin the period of time that pass during the disturbance before the amount of data lost during that period exceeds the Business plan\'s maximum acceptable threshold. RTO: Recovery Time Objective It is the period of time and a service point within which a business process must be restored after a disaster in order to avoid improper penalties connected with a break in continuity..

What are the essential elements to have in BRDR plansWhen is a d.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

Java: a. The mean of a list of numbers is its arithmetic average. The median of a list is its middle value when the values are placed in order. For example, if a list contains 1, 4, 7, 8, and 10, then the mean is 6 and the median is 7. Write an application that allows you to enter five integers and displays the values, their mean, and their median. Save the file as MeanMedian.java. b. Revise the MeanMedian class so that the user can enter any number of values up to 20. If the list has an even number of values, the median is the numeric average of the values in the two middle positions. Save the file as MeanMedian2.java Solution Ans a): import java.util.*; import java.lang.*; import java.io.*; class MeanMedian { public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception { Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in); int arr[]=new int[5]; System.out.println(\"Enter the integers :\"); //asking the user to enter 5 integers for(int i=0;i<5;i++) arr[i]=scan.nextInt(); int sum=0; for(int i=0;i<5;i++) sum=sum+arr[i]; int mean=sum/5; //calculating mean int median=arr[2]; //calculating median System.out.println(\"Integers entered by the user \"); for(int i=0;i<5;i++) System.out.print(arr[i]+\" \"); //printing values entered by user System.out.println(); System.out.println(\"Mean = \"+mean); //printing mean System.out.println(\"Median = \"+median); //printing median } } ******OUTPUT****** Enter the integers : 1 4 7 8 10 Integers entered by the user 1 4 7 8 10 Mean = 6 Median = 7 ******OUTPUT****** Ansb): import java.util.*; import java.lang.*; import java.io.*; class MeanMedian //class MeanMedian { public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception { int sum=0; //variable to store the sum of values int mean=0; //variable to store the mean of values int median=0; //variable to store the median of values Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println(\"Enter the number of values upto you want to enter,it must not be greater than 20 :\"); //asking the user for no.of values int n=scan.nextInt(); //store size in n int arr[]=new int[n]; //array to store integers System.out.println(\"Enter the integers\"); //asking the user to enter the integers for(int i=0;i.

Javaa. The mean of a list of numbers is its arithmetic average. T.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

What is the characteristic of the ring of quaternions Solution Quaternions are a number system that extends to complex numbers Thus quaternions will have not only real numbers but also complex numbers. Normally the elements will be {-1,-i,-j,-k,1,i,j,k} with Cayley table as Multiplicative identity is 1. Additive identity =0 Characteristic is n such that 1+1+1+...+1 n times =0 (Since it is not possible to have as above, n is undefined.x1ijk11ijkii-1k-jjj-k-1ikkj-1-i.

What is the characteristic of the ring of quaternionsSolutionQ.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

What are the four basic categories of output A. Instructions, pictu.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

vapour pressure equation The Clansius-Clapeyron relation relates the slope of (for example) the vapour pressure curve to latent heat L and the change in volume. Neglecting the volume of the liquid phase relative to that in the vapour phase, and assuming the latent heat to be independent of temperature and pressure (this is often valid for sufficiently short segments of the curve), show the vapour pressure equation P = const times e^-l/(RT), where l = L/n is the latent heat per mole. Solution The equilibrium between water and water vapor depends upon the temperature of the system. If the temperature increases the saturation pressure of the water vapor increases. The rate of increase in vapor pressure per unit increase in temperature is given by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Let p be the saturation vapor pressure and T the temperature. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation for the equilibrium between liquid and vapor is then dp/dT = L/(T(Vv-Vl)) where L is the latent heat of evaporation, and Vv and Vl are the specific volumes at temperature T of the vapor and liquid phases, respectively. More generally the Clausius-Clapeyron equation pertains to the relationship between the pressure and temperature for conditions of equilibrium between two phases. The two phases could be vapor and solid for sublimation or solid and liquid for melting. The material below is an examination of the application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to meteorology where the most relevant systems are water and water vapor and salt water and water vapor. But the equation also applies to ice and water vapor and ice and water. Finally there is a derivation of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation from thermodynamic principles. Note that Vv is much greater than Vl so that to a good approximation dp/dT = L/(TVv) Furthermore the ideal gas equation applies to the vapor; i.e., pVv = RT and hence Vv = RT/p where R is the universal gas constant. Thus dp/dT = L/(RT²/p) or, equivalently (1/p)(dp/dT) = L/(RT²) In differential form this is dp/p = (L/R)(dT/T²) or, equivalently d(ln(p)) = (L/R)d(-1/T) If L is independent of temperature then the solution to the differential equation is ln(p) = c0 - (L/RT) or, equivalently p = c1exp(-L/RT) where c1 is a constant..

vapour pressure equation The Clansius-Clapeyron relation relates the.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

What is a test cross and why is it used What technology is essential.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

What are homologous traits? a. Traits that are functional and adaptive in one species but are not functional in another species. b. Traits that were originally selected for one function and then co- opted for a different function. c. Traits that are found in two or more species because these species live in similar environments and independently evolved the traits due to shared selective pressures. d. Traits that are found in two or more species because these species have inherited this trait from their common ancestor. Solution The correct answer is D. Traits that are found in two or more species because these species have inherited this trait from their common ancestor..

What are homologous traits a. Traits that are functional and adapti.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

The Vietnam War Era Discuss the range of American responses to the war. How did they change over time? How did domestic political concerns shape the country\'s response to the war? How did the war shape domestic politics in the 1960s and early 1970s? Reference: Goldfield, D. R., & In Wheeler, R. A. (2014). The American journey: A history of the United States, Combined Volume (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Solution In the United States, a nationwide debate ensued over participation in the war. The government\'s official position was that it was involved in Vietnam at the request of the government of South Vietnam and was helping to repel Communist aggression from the north. Its only avowed objective was to secure a settlement that would allow the people of Vietnam to decide their own form of government. To achieve this end, it was using only carefully controlled military measures so as not to take innocent lives or bring about active participation by China or the Soviet Union. As United States involvement continued, however, Americans grew increasingly dissatisfied with their nation\'s war policy. Some, described as \"hawks,\" argued that the United States should use maximum military force to gain a quick victory. Others, called \"doves,\" argued that the conflict in Vietnam was essentially a civil war in which the United States had no right to interfere. Some of the doves demanded immediate American withdrawal, while others called for a gradual disengagement from the war. Some critics of the war charged that American use of bombers and of artillery was too indiscriminate and that many innocent civilians had perished. The revelation that United States troops in 1968 had massacred the entire population of My Lai, an enemy-held village, caused much controversy over the way in which the war was being fought. Demonstrations were held in the United States, especially in 1969 and 1970, to protest the war. As the Vietnam War progressed, it lost much support from Americans because it was clear to many that it was not justified. This caused for the country to view war as destructive, and brought about a peace movement that is mostly associated with the decade of the 1960\'s but lasted until the late 1980\'s..

The Vietnam War EraDiscuss the range of American responses to the .pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

The distance between two successive minimize of a transverse wave.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

t hether each of the following statements are true or false: T F Stoke\'s Law can be used to model the oxygen sag curve T F Phosphorus is more often a limiting nutrient than nitrogen T F Hardness is more often a problem in surface water than in groundwater T F BODs measures CBOD, not NBOD T F The amount of available substrate will affect the biomass growth rate cons 2. [4 points] Lis t two advantages and two disadvantages of chlorination as a disinfection method. 3. [4 points] Explain the main advantage and disadvantage of combined sewer systems. secondary clarification in wastewater treatment. Consider removal mechanism(s) and the main constituent(s) to be removed. 4. [4 points) List one similarity and one difference between primary sedimentation and Solution 2. Advantages of Chlorination - Residual chlorine helps in disinfection against further contamination throughout the flow of water through pipes and at the time of usage. -relatively cheap ,simple,reiable and quick Disadvantages of Chlorination -imparts a peculiar taste to the water -toxic to aquatic life -chlorine is corosive 3. Advantages -stormwater and wastewater are managed together -use of runoff for wastewater transportation is helpful in water conservation -moderate costs -health risk and insect problems are reduced by dilution of wastewater Disadvantages -Installation cost is high because of larger size sewers. -Not suitable for areas of unpredictably varying storms. -Larger sized and more efficient pump and pipe systems needed. -Expertise is required for design. 4. Similarity- Sedimentation by gravity is used for settling of matter within a given settling time. Difference: Primary clarifier mainly removes suspended impurities and in secondary clarifier microbes are removed by settlement..

t hether each of the following statements are true or false T F Stok.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

Rewrite the expression as an algebraic expression of x Rewrite the .pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

Need help answering these. Underline the correct answer The fundamental purpose of communication is the _________ of data between two parties. processing exchange mining sorting Which of the following is not a communication task searching routing synchronization flow control In the TCP IP architecture, which of the following layer is responsible for routing. Transport layer Physical layer Application layer Interne layer How many bits are used in the IP addresses of IPv4? 16 20 32 40 Determine whether the following statements are true or false Transmitter coverts data into signal suitable for transmission media. In a packet switching network, the packets can arrive out of sequence. The internet layer of the TC P/IP architecture is implemented not only in the end systems but also in the routers. There is a unique IP address for each host. Write one similarity and one difference between TCP and UDP. Solution Answer: Section - I 3) Internet Layer is responsible for routing in the TCP/IP architecture. 4) 32 bits are used in the IP addresses of IPv4 Section - II 2. In a packet switching network, the packets can arrive out of sequence True..

Need help answering these. Underline the correct answer The fundame.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

Origins of psychology When did it begin as a science? 1879 * • What is an empirical question? * • Nature vs. nurture ABC’s of Psychology – what does each letter stand for? Historical perspectives – what are the key features of each? * • Structuralism * • Functionalism * • Psychoanalytic * • Behaviorism Modern perspectives – what are the key features of each? * • Humanism (Positive) * • Cognitive * • Biopsychological (Neuroscience) * • Sociocultural * • Evolutionary Types of professionals in psychology – what are the differences? * • Psychologist vs. psychiatrist vs. psychiatric social worker Areas of specialization in psychology – know what each covers, in general * • Developmental * • Social * • Educational * • Health * • Physiological * • Experimental * • Cognitive * • Psychometrics * • Abnormal Study skills * • What are the basics? Critical thinking * • What does it involve? Scientific method * • Why do we use it? * • What are the five steps? * • Know these terms: * o Hypothesis * o Variables * o Operational definition Conducting research * o Descriptive methods – know the key features, what each is used for, its benefits and drawbacks * o Natural observation * Observer effect * Participant observation * o Laboratory observation * o Case Study * o Survey * Self-report and social desirability * Representative sample – what does this mean? Correlations – define these terms and be ready to apply these concepts to situations * • Positive, negative, no correlation * • Correlation coefficient – what is the range of possible numbers? * • What’s the big warning about correlations? Experimental methods – understand these terms and identify them in situations * • Variables: Independent and dependent – know the difference * • Groups – how do they differ? * o Experimental * o Control * • Problems & Solution s * o Experimenter bias * o Placebo effect * o Random assignment * o Single-blind and double-blind studies Ethics in research – basic guidelines * • Human subjects * • Animals Neuroscience is the study of what? Neurons – what are they? * • Name the different parts * o How they look, what they do * • Types – what does each type do? * o Sensory, motor, interneurons * • Terminology - know these * o Resting/Action potential * o Synapse * o Reuptake * o Reflex arc Glia: the other brain cells * • What is their role? Neurotransmitters * • Recognize the names * • What do they do? Neural communication * • Electrical impulse travels down the neuron’s axon through a series of action potentials * • When the impulse reaches the axon ending, the message becomes chemical * • Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse * • They are received through specific receptor sites in the post-synaptic neuron * • This continues through a long string of neurons until the message reaches its destination, the brain or other organs or muscles The Nervous System * • Central NS (name the 2 parts) * • Peripheral NS (covers what parts of the body?) * o Somatic NS * Sensory path.

Origins of psychologyWhen did it begin as a science 1879.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

Listings for BinaryHeap.java and BinaryHeapTest.java are shown in th.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

In hypothesis testing, what is a Type I error Type II errorSol.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

I am stuck on parts E and F Exercise 1: NumberListTester.java Class NumberList implements a simple list of Integers, using an ArrayList. NumberListTester generates 10 random, positive, 2-digit ints, and adds them to the list. It then calls method printList which prints the items on the list. Run the program until you understand what it does. a. Write the body of the method printReversed, which prints the list items in reverse order. Add a statement in main to call printReversed after the call to printList. Check ______ b. Write the body of the method printEveryOther, which prints every other item on the list, beginning with the first one. In main, replace the statement that calls printReversed with one that calls printEveryOther. Check ______ c. Write the body of the method printEvens, which prints all the even-numbered ints on the list. In main, replace the statement that calls printEveryOther with one that calls printEvens. Check ______ All this printing is getting a bit tedious. Let\'s try some more fun operations. d. 0. Add a new ArrayList-of-integer instance variable called bigList to the NumberList class Add a statement to the NumberList constructor that creates an empty ArrayList object pointed to by bigList Delete the call to printEvens from main. Write the body of the method splitList, which copies all ints that are greater than or equal to 50 from aList to bigList. Add a method to the NumberList class to print bigList. Add a sequence of method calls in main to verify that the splitList method is working correctly. I.e., after calling splitList, call again the method that prints the original list and then call the method you wrote in step 4 to print the bigList. Check _____ E. Add a method insert to the NumberList class that takes two parameters of type int. The first parameter is the index at which to insert a new number into the list, and the second is the number to be inserted. E.g., if the first param is 4 and the second is 37, then 37 will be inserted at index 4 in aList (i.e., as the new 5th list element). The number inserted does not replace the number currently at that position, but is inserted just before it. Hint: The ArrayList class has a method that does exactly this. Call that method from your insert method. Now add statements to main to allow the user to specify the number to insert and the position at which to insert it. Then, after inserting the new number, print the updated list. Check _____ F. Finally, add code to your insert method that will assure that an IndexOutOfBoundsException cannot be thrown. I.e., your insert method should just print an appropriate error message if the first parameter --- the index at which to insert the new Integer --- is illegal. Hint: What are the legal indices for an ArrayList? What is the smallest? What is the largest? What about the special case of inserting a new value at the end of the list? Try it! Check _____ MY CODE SO FAR: import java.util.ArrayList ; import java.util.Random ; /.

I am stuck on parts E and FExercise 1 NumberListTester.java.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

How does differ from evolution systematic? Only cladistics traces evolution relationship and construct classifies that reflects these relationship. Only evolution systematic recognizes that organisms must be compared using specific characters. Only cladistics rigorously defines the kinds of homologies that yields the most useful information. Only clasdictics uses homologous traits to trace to apply evolution relationship Why is the paleospcc.es concept more difficult to apply to organisms than the biological and the ecological species concepts? Because reproductive isolation cannot be studied directly Because ecological distinction are difficult to impossible be past environments Because neither exclusive mating nor ecological separators are usually accessible us fossil specimens. Because homologous Waits are rarely expressed In fossil specimens Parapatric specification is characterized by? Complete reproductive isolation of two populations Partial reproductive isolation of two populations. No reproductive isolation of two populations. Complete ecologic niche separation of two species What is the age of the oldest known fossil found on Earth 3.8 billion years. 3.5 billion years. 2 billion years. 520 million years. Taphonomy is the study of: What happens to organic matter after death. How bones mineralize during fossilization. The rules of classification. Ancestral traits In closely related species. When general and specialized traits of organisms are considered in evolution it is important to recognize that only a generalized ancestor can profit from the flexible evolutionary basis for rapid diversification Which of the following animals is an appropriate example for a highly specialized placental mammal that is structurally to a narrow, rodent/woodpecker-like econiche: The duck-billed platypus. The wallaby. The white-tailed deer. The aye-aye of Madagascar. Solution 41. B. Partial reproductive isolation of two populations. Parapatric speciation occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier, such as a body of water, but by an extreme change in habitat. While populations in these areas may interbreed, they often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles. Reproductive isolation in these cases is not geographic but rather temporal or behavioral. 42. B. 3.5 billion years. The oldest known fossils, are cyanobacteria from Archaean rocks of western Australia, dated 3.5 billion years old. 43. B. How bones mineralize during fossilization. Taphonomy is the branch of palaeontology that deals with the processes of fossilization. 44. C. The aye aye of Madagascar. From an ecological point of view the aye-aye fills the niche of a woodpecker, as it is capable of penetrating wood to extract the invertebrates within..

How does differ from evolution systematic Only cladistics traces e.pdf

RAJATCHUGH12

More from RAJATCHUGH12 (20)