Architectural Innovation The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Te.pdf
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Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms\" defines four types of innovations: incremental, modular, architectural, and radical. Established and stable firms are inherently organized such that incremental and modular innovations are successfully handled. Radical innovations are easily recognized and are managed accordingly by forming specialty design groups to develop them. Architectural innovations use existing core design concepts in a new architecture that have a significant impact on the relationships between components than on the technologies of the components themselves. Architectural innovations are often mistaken for incremental innovations. Management needs to be able to identify architectural innovations such that proper resources are allotted and design groups are restructured. Questions How are component versus architectural knowledge managed inside an organization? How do you identify an architectural innovation? How do you allocate existing resources to develop an architectural innovation successfully? Solution (1) Answer:- Component knowledge is very useful for organization . Component knowledge is the knowledge that relates to a subroutine or discrete aspect of an organization’s operations. It is knowledge that relates to parts or components rather than the whole. Architectural knowledge, conversely, relates to the whole that is, to organization-wide routines and schemas for coordinating the various components of the organization and putting them to productive use. (2) Answer:- We can identify architectural innovation in organization by help of this. Architectural innovation is useful and needs to be applied in the new product, but some of what it knows is not only not useful but may actually handicap the firm. (3) Answer:- Architectural innovation presents established firms with a more subtle challenge. Architectural innovation is embedded in channels, filters, and strategies, the discovery process and the process of creating new information usually takes time..
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JOANN SPEER SORRA
University of Maryland at College Park
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members' appropriate and committed use of an innovation. Our model
suggests that implementation eiiectiveness—the consistency and
quality of targeted organizational members' use oi an innovation—is
a function oi (a) the strength oi an organization's climate ior the imple-
mentation oi that innovation and (b) the fit of that innovation to targeted
users' values. The model speciiies a range of implementation outcomes
(including resietance, avoidance, compliance, and commitment): high-
lights the equifinality of an organization's climate ior implementation;
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Implementation failure occurs when, despite this decision, employees use
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required for the potential benefits of the innovation to be realized.
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This chapter discusses strategic planning for end-user information systems (EUIS) and innovation. It emphasizes that effective use of EUIS must be carefully planned and managed. Two models that describe how technological innovations are adopted by organizations are presented. The chapter also discusses how technology can be used to restructure business processes and gain competitive advantage. Finally, it provides guidelines for developing an EUIS strategic plan and explains why strategic planning is important for achieving widespread benefits from new technologies.
Architectural Innovation.pptx
This document discusses architectural innovation, which involves changing the way components of a product are linked together while leaving the core design concepts and underlying components unchanged. It provides examples of architectural innovations like the desktop photocopier and multi-core processors. The document notes that architectural innovation can be difficult for firms to adopt as it requires changing established ways of thinking while preserving existing component knowledge. However, it can benefit organizations by improving communication and capabilities, and customers through multifunctional and convenient products.
Collective intelligence
This document discusses how organizations can leverage collective intelligence, which is defined as the aggregated knowledge, insights, and expertise of individuals both inside and outside the organization. It provides three key findings on successful collective intelligence efforts: 1) addressing sources of resistance such as operational challenges and perceived loss of control, 2) integrating collective intelligence into the work environment both technologically and culturally, and 3) acting on insights discovered and communicating value to stakeholders. The document also discusses four approaches organizations can use to apply collective intelligence: discovering new ideas, augmenting skills and distributing work, improving forecasting, and identifying new opportunities. It provides examples of how companies such as The Economist, Coach, Citi, El Paso Exploration & Production, and IBM
IBV - Collective Intelligence
Read this report for collective intelligence applications, such as: identifying new opportunities to differentiate your organization or serve new markets; tapping into outside skills and experiences to deliver on business imperatives; and predicting outcomes of today's increasingly complex business challenges.
Collective Intelligence Executive Report
We live in an increasingly social world, where advancements in
technology are changing how we buy, how we work and how
we connect with others. Expanding and overlapping social
networks are enabling individuals to express opinions, share
expertise with a greater audience and shape decision-making
processes on a global scale. Can an organization that chooses
to ignore the insights of employees, customers and business
partners expect to thrive?
Similar to Architectural Innovation The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Te.pdf (20)
Integrating innovation into_enterprise_architecture
Integrating innovation into_enterprise_architecture
CREATIVITY AND PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION
CREATIVITY AND PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION
Week 3 DiscussionDo a web or library search to locate a rese
Week 3 DiscussionDo a web or library search to locate a rese
More from RAJATCHUGH12
Why is the T7 polymerase gene in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) under the .pdf
Why is the T7 polymerase gene in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) under the control of an inducible
promoter?
Solution
The T7 polymerase gene in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) under the control of an inducible promoter
because many expression plasmids often use these \"inducible expression system\" when adding
inducible promoters such as \"IPTG\" to the medium. These inducible promoters are going to
prevent formation of dead cells by promoting synthesis or protein expression of T7 RNA
polymerase in E coli cells finally growth phase of cells will be health to reach appropriate \"cell
density\". Therefore, these inducible promoters are going to activate expression of plasmid
systems using medium finally these inducible promoters control problems produced via toxic
protein products formation.
What type of utility program is designed to automatically make dupli.pdf
What type of utility program is designed to automatically make duplicate copies of your hard
drive content for safekeeping?
Solution
file history is one of the utility program that automatically creats dupliacte copy of data like
(contacts,favorites) stored in the storage device called hard disk
it is also backup utility program.
Which of the following is true of xylem conducts water up the plant .pdf
Which of the following is true of xylem? conducts water up the plant conducts mineral ions up
the plant connects with roots connects with leaves all of these
Solution
Ans E all of these
Vascular bundles are of two types, xylem and phloem.
Xylem conducts water and minerals from the roots to all other parts of the plant where the
photosynthesis takes place. It also connects to leaves and roots. Its a unidirectional flow of water
and minerals up the plant against the gravity..
What are the essential elements to have in BRDR plansWhen is a d.pdf
What are the essential elements to have in BR/DR plans?
When is a disaster considered officially \"over\"?
Spell out and provide definitions for the following acronyms:
COOP
MTBF
MTTR
RPO
RTO
Solution
Essential elements in BR/DR plans are:
MTBF: Mean Time Between Failure
It is a dependability term used to give the amount of failures per million hours for a product. This
is the most common examination about a product’s life duration, and is significant in the
decision-making procedure of the end user. MTBF is significant for business and integrators than
for consumers.
MTTR : Mean Time To Repair
It is the time required to restore a failed hardware component. In an operational system, repair
generally means restoring a failed hardware element.
RPO: Recovery Point Objective
It expalin the period of time that pass during the disturbance before the amount of data lost
during that period exceeds the Business plan\'s maximum acceptable threshold.
RTO: Recovery Time Objective
It is the period of time and a service point within which a business process must be restored after
a disaster in order to avoid improper penalties connected with a break in continuity..
Javaa. The mean of a list of numbers is its arithmetic average. T.pdf
Java:
a. The mean of a list of numbers is its arithmetic average. The median of a list is its middle value
when the values are placed in order. For example, if a list contains 1, 4, 7, 8, and 10, then the
mean is 6 and the median is 7. Write an application that allows you to enter five integers and
displays the values, their mean, and their median.
Save the file as MeanMedian.java.
b. Revise the MeanMedian class so that the user can enter any number of values up to 20. If the
list has an even number of values, the median is the numeric average of the values in the two
middle positions. Save the file as
MeanMedian2.java
Solution
Ans a):
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class MeanMedian
{
public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
{
Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);
int arr[]=new int[5];
System.out.println(\"Enter the integers :\"); //asking the user to enter 5 integers
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
arr[i]=scan.nextInt();
int sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
sum=sum+arr[i];
int mean=sum/5; //calculating mean
int median=arr[2]; //calculating median
System.out.println(\"Integers entered by the user \");
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
System.out.print(arr[i]+\" \"); //printing values entered by user
System.out.println();
System.out.println(\"Mean = \"+mean); //printing mean
System.out.println(\"Median = \"+median); //printing median
}
}
******OUTPUT******
Enter the integers :
1 4 7 8 10
Integers entered by the user
1 4 7 8 10
Mean = 6
Median = 7
******OUTPUT******
Ansb):
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class MeanMedian //class MeanMedian
{
public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
{
int sum=0; //variable to store the sum of values
int mean=0; //variable to store the mean of values
int median=0; //variable to store the median of values
Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter the number of values upto you want to enter,it must not be greater
than 20 :\"); //asking the user for no.of values
int n=scan.nextInt(); //store size in n
int arr[]=new int[n]; //array to store integers
System.out.println(\"Enter the integers\"); //asking the user to enter the integers
for(int i=0;i.
What is the characteristic of the ring of quaternionsSolutionQ.pdf
What is the characteristic of the ring of quaternions
Solution
Quaternions are a number system that extends to complex numbers
Thus quaternions will have not only real numbers but also complex numbers.
Normally the elements will be {-1,-i,-j,-k,1,i,j,k} with Cayley table as
Multiplicative identity is 1.
Additive identity =0
Characteristic is n such that
1+1+1+...+1 n times =0
(Since it is not possible to have as above, n is undefined.x1ijk11ijkii-1k-jjj-k-1ikkj-1-i.
What are the four basic categories of output A. Instructions, pictu.pdf
What are the four basic categories of output? A. Instructions, pictures, commands, and graphics
B. Memory, storage, drives, and language C. Commands, responses, programs, and data D.
Text, graphics, audio, and video A cable is a digital device that sends and receives digital data
over the cable television network.
Solution
) four basic categories of output are
D)
Text,graphics,audio,video.
vapour pressure equation The Clansius-Clapeyron relation relates the.pdf
vapour pressure equation The Clansius-Clapeyron relation relates the slope of (for example) the
vapour pressure curve to latent heat L and the change in volume. Neglecting the volume of the
liquid phase relative to that in the vapour phase, and assuming the latent heat to be independent
of temperature and pressure (this is often valid for sufficiently short segments of the curve),
show the vapour pressure equation P = const times e^-l/(RT), where l = L/n is the latent heat per
mole.
Solution
The equilibrium between water and water vapor depends upon the temperature of the system. If
the temperature increases the saturation pressure of the water vapor increases. The rate of
increase in vapor pressure per unit increase in temperature is given by the Clausius-Clapeyron
equation. Let p be the saturation vapor pressure and T the temperature. The Clausius-Clapeyron
equation for the equilibrium between liquid and vapor is then
dp/dT = L/(T(Vv-Vl))
where L is the latent heat of evaporation, and Vv and Vl are the specific volumes at temperature
T of the vapor and liquid phases, respectively.
More generally the Clausius-Clapeyron equation pertains to the relationship between the
pressure and temperature for conditions of equilibrium between two phases. The two phases
could be vapor and solid for sublimation or solid and liquid for melting.
The material below is an examination of the application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to
meteorology where the most relevant systems are water and water vapor and salt water and water
vapor. But the equation also applies to ice and water vapor and ice and water. Finally there is a
derivation of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation from thermodynamic principles.
Note that Vv is much greater than Vl so that to a good approximation
dp/dT = L/(TVv)
Furthermore the ideal gas equation applies to the vapor; i.e.,
pVv = RT
and hence
Vv = RT/p
where R is the universal gas constant.
Thus
dp/dT = L/(RT²/p)
or, equivalently
(1/p)(dp/dT) = L/(RT²)
In differential form this is
dp/p = (L/R)(dT/T²)
or, equivalently
d(ln(p)) = (L/R)d(-1/T)
If L is independent of temperature then the solution to the differential equation is
ln(p) = c0 - (L/RT)
or, equivalently
p = c1exp(-L/RT)
where c1 is a constant..
What is a test cross and why is it used What technology is essential.pdf
What is a test cross and why is it used? What technology is essentially replacing the test cross?
Do you think its necessary to know the number of contributors to a mixed DNA sample?
Solution
1)-Test cross- it is a cross between a unknown genotype organism with a known ressesive
genotype.
2)-It is done to know the genotype of unknown perent.
3)- yes it necessary.
What are homologous traits a. Traits that are functional and adapti.pdf
The document defines homologous traits as traits found in multiple species that were inherited from a common ancestor rather than evolving independently or being co-opted for different functions. Specifically, homologous traits are those shared between species because they descended from the same traits present in an ancestor species due to common descent, not because of convergent evolution or having served different purposes.
The Vietnam War EraDiscuss the range of American responses to the .pdf
The Vietnam War Era
Discuss the range of American responses to the war.
How did they change over time?
How did domestic political concerns shape the country\'s response to the war?
How did the war shape domestic politics in the 1960s and early 1970s?
Reference:
Goldfield, D. R., & In Wheeler, R. A. (2014). The American journey: A history of
the United States, Combined Volume (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.:
Pearson
Solution
In the United States, a nationwide debate ensued over participation in the war. The government\'s
official position was that it was involved in Vietnam at the request of the government of South
Vietnam and was helping to repel Communist aggression from the north. Its only avowed
objective was to secure a settlement that would allow the people of Vietnam to decide their own
form of government. To achieve this end, it was using only carefully controlled military
measures so as not to take innocent lives or bring about active participation by China or the
Soviet Union.
As United States involvement continued, however, Americans grew increasingly dissatisfied
with their nation\'s war policy. Some, described as \"hawks,\" argued that the United States
should use maximum military force to gain a quick victory. Others, called \"doves,\" argued that
the conflict in Vietnam was essentially a civil war in which the United States had no right to
interfere. Some of the doves demanded immediate American withdrawal, while others called for
a gradual disengagement from the war.
Some critics of the war charged that American use of bombers and of artillery was too
indiscriminate and that many innocent civilians had perished. The revelation that United States
troops in 1968 had massacred the entire population of My Lai, an enemy-held village, caused
much controversy over the way in which the war was being fought. Demonstrations were held in
the United States, especially in 1969 and 1970, to protest the war.
As the Vietnam War progressed, it lost much support from Americans because it was clear to
many that it was not justified. This caused for the country to view war as destructive, and
brought about a peace movement that is mostly associated with the decade of the 1960\'s but
lasted until the late 1980\'s..
The distance between two successive minimize of a transverse wave.pdf
The distance between two successive minimize of a transverse wave is 3.31 m. Five crests of the
wave pass a given along the direction of travel every 13.4 s. Find the frequency of the wave.
Find the wave speed.
Solution
a) Time period of the wave is
T = 13.4 / 4.5 = 2.977 s
frequency of the wave is
f = 1 / T = 0.335 Hz
b) speed of wave is
v = 2 d / T
= 2( 3.31 m ) / 2.977 s
= 2.223 m/s.
t hether each of the following statements are true or false T F Stok.pdf
t hether each of the following statements are true or false: T F Stoke\'s Law can be used to
model the oxygen sag curve T F Phosphorus is more often a limiting nutrient than nitrogen T F
Hardness is more often a problem in surface water than in groundwater T F BODs measures
CBOD, not NBOD T F The amount of available substrate will affect the biomass growth rate
cons 2. [4 points] Lis t two advantages and two disadvantages of chlorination as a disinfection
method. 3. [4 points] Explain the main advantage and disadvantage of combined sewer systems.
secondary clarification in wastewater treatment. Consider removal mechanism(s) and the main
constituent(s) to be removed. 4. [4 points) List one similarity and one difference between
primary sedimentation and
Solution
2.
Advantages of Chlorination
- Residual chlorine helps in disinfection against further contamination throughout the flow of
water through pipes and at the time of usage.
-relatively cheap ,simple,reiable and quick
Disadvantages of Chlorination
-imparts a peculiar taste to the water
-toxic to aquatic life
-chlorine is corosive
3.
Advantages
-stormwater and wastewater are managed together
-use of runoff for wastewater transportation is helpful in water conservation
-moderate costs
-health risk and insect problems are reduced by dilution of wastewater
Disadvantages
-Installation cost is high because of larger size sewers.
-Not suitable for areas of unpredictably varying storms.
-Larger sized and more efficient pump and pipe systems needed.
-Expertise is required for design.
4. Similarity- Sedimentation by gravity is used for settling of matter within a given settling time.
Difference: Primary clarifier mainly removes suspended impurities and in secondary clarifier
microbes are removed by settlement..
Rewrite the expression as an algebraic expression of x Rewrite the .pdf
Rewrite the expression as an algebraic expression of x: Rewrite the expression as an algebraic
expression of x: sin (tan^-1 x)
Solution
sin(tan-1x)
let tan-1x=t
Therefore tan t= x
Here opposite=x and adjacent=1
Therefore hypotenuse=sqrt(12+x2) = sqrt(1+x2)
sin t=opposite/hypotenuse= x/sqrt(1+x2) x(sqrt(1+x2))/(1+x2)
Hence,sin(tan-1x)= x(sqrt(1+x2))/(1+x2).
Need help answering these. Underline the correct answer The fundame.pdf
Need help answering these. Underline the correct answer The fundamental purpose of
communication is the _________ of data between two parties. processing exchange mining
sorting Which of the following is not a communication task searching routing synchronization
flow control In the TCP IP architecture, which of the following layer is responsible for routing.
Transport layer Physical layer Application layer Interne layer How many bits are used in the
IP addresses of IPv4? 16 20 32 40 Determine whether the following statements are true or
false Transmitter coverts data into signal suitable for transmission media. In a packet switching
network, the packets can arrive out of sequence. The internet layer of the TC P/IP architecture is
implemented not only in the end systems but also in the routers. There is a unique IP address for
each host. Write one similarity and one difference between TCP and UDP.
Solution
Answer:
Section - I
3)
Internet Layer is responsible for routing in the TCP/IP architecture.
4)
32 bits are used in the IP addresses of IPv4
Section - II
2. In a packet switching network, the packets can arrive out of sequence True..
Origins of psychologyWhen did it begin as a science 1879.pdf
Origins of psychology
When did it begin as a science? 1879
* • What is an empirical question?
* • Nature vs. nurture
ABC’s of Psychology – what does each letter stand for?
Historical perspectives – what are the key features of each?
* • Structuralism
* • Functionalism
* • Psychoanalytic
* • Behaviorism
Modern perspectives – what are the key features of each?
* • Humanism (Positive)
* • Cognitive
* • Biopsychological (Neuroscience)
* • Sociocultural
* • Evolutionary
Types of professionals in psychology – what are the differences?
* • Psychologist vs. psychiatrist vs. psychiatric social worker
Areas of specialization in psychology – know what each covers, in general
* • Developmental
* • Social
* • Educational
* • Health
* • Physiological
* • Experimental
* • Cognitive
* • Psychometrics
* • Abnormal
Study skills
* • What are the basics?
Critical thinking
* • What does it involve?
Scientific method
* • Why do we use it?
* • What are the five steps?
* • Know these terms:
* o Hypothesis
* o Variables
* o Operational definition
Conducting research
* o Descriptive methods – know the key features, what each is used for, its benefits and
drawbacks
* o Natural observation
* Observer effect
* Participant observation
* o Laboratory observation
* o Case Study
* o Survey
* Self-report and social desirability
* Representative sample – what does this mean?
Correlations – define these terms and be ready to apply these concepts to situations
* • Positive, negative, no correlation
* • Correlation coefficient – what is the range of possible numbers?
* • What’s the big warning about correlations?
Experimental methods – understand these terms and identify them in situations
* • Variables: Independent and dependent – know the difference
* • Groups – how do they differ?
* o Experimental
* o Control
* • Problems &
Solution
s
* o Experimenter bias
* o Placebo effect
* o Random assignment
* o Single-blind and double-blind studies
Ethics in research – basic guidelines
* • Human subjects
* • Animals
Neuroscience is the study of what?
Neurons – what are they?
* • Name the different parts
* o How they look, what they do
* • Types – what does each type do?
* o Sensory, motor, interneurons
* • Terminology - know these
* o Resting/Action potential
* o Synapse
* o Reuptake
* o Reflex arc
Glia: the other brain cells
* • What is their role?
Neurotransmitters
* • Recognize the names
* • What do they do?
Neural communication
* • Electrical impulse travels down the neuron’s axon through a series of action potentials
* • When the impulse reaches the axon ending, the message becomes chemical
* • Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse
* • They are received through specific receptor sites in the post-synaptic neuron
* • This continues through a long string of neurons until the message reaches its destination, the
brain or other organs or muscles
The Nervous System
* • Central NS (name the 2 parts)
* • Peripheral NS (covers what parts of the body?)
* o Somatic NS
* Sensory path.
Listings for BinaryHeap.java and BinaryHeapTest.java are shown in th.pdf
Listings for BinaryHeap.java and BinaryHeapTest.java are shown in the menu at left
Everything in the BinaryHeap class has been written except the add and remove methods, which
you must write:
First, implement add, then run the test class and observe the testAdd results
Next, implement remove, then run the test class and observe the testRemove results
testAdd and testRemove should both run without errors
Note:
A comp object implementing the Comparator interface is passed to the binary heap\'s
constructor. You will need to use the comp object\'s compare method when making comparisons
in the add and remove operations.
The parent, leftChild, and rightChild methods in BinaryHeapTest are for testing purposes only,
and should not be used to implement add and remove
Solution
BinaryHeapTest.java
import java.util.Comparator;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
public class BinaryHeapTest {
/**
* A binary heap of Integer objects
*/
private BinaryHeap bh;
/**
* Some Integer nodes for testing
*/
private Integer n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10;
/**
* An object for comparing Integer nodes
*/
private Comparator comp;
public BinaryHeapTest() {
comp = new Comparator() {
public int compare(Integer t, Integer t1) {
return t.compareTo(t1);
}
};
bh = new BinaryHeap(10, comp);
n1 = new Integer(1);
n2 = new Integer(2);
n3 = new Integer(3);
n4 = new Integer(4);
n5 = new Integer(5);
n6 = new Integer(6);
n7 = new Integer(7);
n8 = new Integer(8);
n9 = new Integer(9);
n10 = new Integer(10);
}
@Test
public void testAdd() {
buildHeap();
assertTrue(leftChild(n1) == n2);
assertTrue(rightChild(n1) == n5);
assertTrue(leftChild(n2) == n4);
assertTrue(rightChild(n2) == n3);
assertTrue(leftChild(n5) == n9);
assertTrue(rightChild(n5) == n6);
assertTrue(leftChild(n4) == n10);
assertTrue(rightChild(n4) == n7);
assertTrue(leftChild(n3) == n8);
assertTrue(rightChild(n3) == null);
assertTrue(leftChild(n9) == null);
assertTrue(rightChild(n9) == null);
assertTrue(leftChild(n6) == null);
assertTrue(rightChild(n6) == null);
assertTrue(parent(n10) == n4);
assertTrue(parent(n7) == n4);
assertTrue(parent(n8) == n3);
assertTrue(parent(n4) == n2);
assertTrue(parent(n3) == n2);
assertTrue(parent(n9) == n5);
assertTrue(parent(n6) == n5);
assertTrue(parent(n2) == n1);
assertTrue(parent(n5) == n1);
assertTrue(parent(n1) == null);
}
/**
* An auxiliary method that builds a heap that should look like:
*
* 1
* / \\
* 2 5
* / \\ / \\
* 4 3 9 6
* / \\ /
* 10 7 8
*/
private void buildHeap() {
bh.clear();
assertTrue(bh.isEmpty());
bh.add(n10);
bh.add(n9);
bh.add(n8);
bh.add(n7);
bh.add(n6);
bh.add(n5);
bh.add(n4);
bh.add(n3);
bh.add(n2);
bh.add(n1);
assertTrue(bh.size() == 10);
}
@Test
public void testRemove() {
buildHeap();
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n1);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n2);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n3);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n4);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n5);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n6);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n7);
assertTrue(bh.remove() == n8);
assertTru.
In hypothesis testing, what is a Type I error Type II errorSol.pdf
In hypothesis testing, what is a Type I error? Type II error?
Solution
In testing of hypothesis,
{Type I error} is the error committed due torejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
{Type II error} is the error byaccepting a null hypothesis when it is false.
REMARK: It is obvious that Type I error is more serious than Type II error..
I am stuck on parts E and FExercise 1 NumberListTester.java.pdf
I am stuck on parts E and F
Exercise 1: NumberListTester.java
Class NumberList implements a simple list of Integers, using an ArrayList. NumberListTester
generates 10 random, positive, 2-digit ints, and adds them to the list. It then calls method
printList which prints the items on the list.
Run the program until you understand what it does.
a. Write the body of the method printReversed, which prints the list items in reverse order. Add a
statement in main to call printReversed after the call to printList.
Check ______
b. Write the body of the method printEveryOther, which prints every other item on the list,
beginning with the first one. In main, replace the statement that calls printReversed with one
that calls printEveryOther.
Check ______
c. Write the body of the method printEvens, which prints all the even-numbered ints on the list.
In main, replace the statement that calls printEveryOther with one that calls printEvens.
Check ______
All this printing is getting a bit tedious. Let\'s try some more fun operations.
d. 0. Add a new ArrayList-of-integer instance variable called bigList to the NumberList class
Add a statement to the NumberList constructor that creates an empty ArrayList object pointed to
by bigList
Delete the call to printEvens from main.
Write the body of the method splitList, which copies all ints that are greater than or equal to 50
from aList to bigList.
Add a method to the NumberList class to print bigList.
Add a sequence of method calls in main to verify that the splitList method is working correctly.
I.e., after calling splitList, call again the method that prints the original list and then call the
method you wrote in step 4 to print the bigList.
Check _____
E. Add a method insert to the NumberList class that takes two parameters of type int. The first
parameter is the index at which to insert a new number into the list, and the second is the number
to be inserted. E.g., if the first param is 4 and the second is 37, then 37 will be inserted at index
4 in aList (i.e., as the new 5th list element). The number inserted does not replace the number
currently at that position, but is inserted just before it.
Hint: The ArrayList class has a method that does exactly this. Call that method from your insert
method.
Now add statements to main to allow the user to specify the number to insert and the position at
which to insert it. Then, after inserting the new number, print the updated list.
Check _____
F. Finally, add code to your insert method that will assure that an IndexOutOfBoundsException
cannot be thrown. I.e., your insert method should just print an appropriate error message if the
first parameter --- the index at which to insert the new Integer --- is illegal.
Hint: What are the legal indices for an ArrayList? What is the smallest? What is the largest?
What about the special case of inserting a new value at the end of the list? Try it!
Check _____
MY CODE SO FAR:
import java.util.ArrayList ;
import java.util.Random ;
/.
How does differ from evolution systematic Only cladistics traces e.pdf
How does differ from evolution systematic? Only cladistics traces evolution relationship and
construct classifies that reflects these relationship. Only evolution systematic recognizes that
organisms must be compared using specific characters. Only cladistics rigorously defines the
kinds of homologies that yields the most useful information. Only clasdictics uses homologous
traits to trace to apply evolution relationship Why is the paleospcc.es concept more difficult to
apply to organisms than the biological and the ecological species concepts? Because
reproductive isolation cannot be studied directly Because ecological distinction are difficult to
impossible be past environments Because neither exclusive mating nor ecological separators are
usually accessible us fossil specimens. Because homologous Waits are rarely expressed In fossil
specimens Parapatric specification is characterized by? Complete reproductive isolation of two
populations Partial reproductive isolation of two populations. No reproductive isolation of two
populations. Complete ecologic niche separation of two species What is the age of the oldest
known fossil found on Earth 3.8 billion years. 3.5 billion years. 2 billion years. 520 million
years. Taphonomy is the study of: What happens to organic matter after death. How bones
mineralize during fossilization. The rules of classification. Ancestral traits In closely related
species. When general and specialized traits of organisms are considered in evolution it is
important to recognize that only a generalized ancestor can profit from the flexible evolutionary
basis for rapid diversification Which of the following animals is an appropriate example for a
highly specialized placental mammal that is structurally to a narrow, rodent/woodpecker-like
econiche: The duck-billed platypus. The wallaby. The white-tailed deer. The aye-aye of
Madagascar.
Solution
41. B. Partial reproductive isolation of two populations.
Parapatric speciation
occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier, such as a body of water, but
by an extreme change in habitat. While populations in these areas may interbreed, they often
develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles. Reproductive isolation in these cases is not
geographic but rather temporal or behavioral.
42. B. 3.5 billion years.
The oldest known fossils, are cyanobacteria from Archaean rocks of western Australia, dated 3.5
billion years old.
43. B. How bones mineralize during fossilization.
Taphonomy is the branch of palaeontology that deals with the processes of fossilization.
44. C. The aye aye of Madagascar.
From an ecological point of view the aye-aye fills the niche of a woodpecker, as it is capable of
penetrating wood to extract the invertebrates within..
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