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A los metaloidesse los considera como
no metales.
NOTAS
Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los
estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del
elementomientras que las cargas totales
se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo
o molécula
UnidadNº 2 “Formulasquímicas”
Los compuestosquímicosse dividenen:
 Compuestosinorgánicos:sonloscompuestosque nonecesariamente constituyenla
materiaviviente
 Compuestos orgánicos:sonloscompuestosque si necesariamenteconstituyenla
materiaviviente.
Nomenclaturatradicional parahastacincoestadosde oxidación.
Uno Único estado -ico
Dos Primerestado(menor)
Segundoestado(mayor)
-oso
-ico
Tres
Primerestado(menor)
Segundoestado(intermedio)
Tercer estado(mayor)
hipo…-oso
-oso
-ico
Cuatro
Primerestado(menor)
Segundoestado(intermediomenor)
Tercer estado(intermediomayor)
Cuarto estado(mayor)
hipo…-oso
-oso
-ico
Per…-ico
Cinco
Primerestado(menor)
Segundoestado(intermediomenor)
Tercer estado(intermediomayor)
Cuarto estado(intermediomayor)
Quintoestado(mayor)
hipo…-oso
-oso
-ico
per…-ico
hiper…-ico
Nomenclaturastockparalos estadosde oxidación: compuesto a formar+DE+el
elemento + (número romano queindiqueelestado de oxidación delelemento)
Nomenclaturasistemáticaparalosestadosde oxidación:
a) 1: mono- f) 6: hexa- k) etc…-
b) 10: deca- g) 4: tetra-
c) 3: tri- h) 5: penta-
d) 8: octa- i) 9: nona-
e) 7: hepta- k) 2: di-
Formacionde compuestos:en general es:
A los metaloidesse los considera como
no metales.
NOTAS
Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los
estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del
elementomientras que las cargas totales
se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo
o molécula
Óxidos:el oxígenoreaccionacontodosloselementosmenosconlosgasesnobles:
 Básicos:elementometálico+oxigeno;porejemplo,el óxidoferrosoomonóxidode
hierrou óxidode hierro(III)
 Ácidos:elementonometálico+oxigeno;porejemplo:oxidosulfúrico
Hidróxidos:oxidobásico+H2O M-1(OH)Nº1; por ejemplo,hidróxidoférricoy
hidróxidoaluminicoohidróxidode aluminio.
Ácidos:oxidoacido+ H2OH2NMONº1+Nº2; por ejemplo,acidosulfúrico,acido
nítrico y acidonitroso.
Hidruros:elemento+hidrogeno;el elementosiempre actúaconsu menorvalencia:
 Metálicos:MNº1
+ H-1
 𝑀1
𝑁º1
𝐻𝑁º1
𝑁º1.1
; por ejemplo,hidrurode aluminioy
hidrurode hierro
 No metálicos NM-Nº1
+H+1
N𝑀1
𝑁º1
𝐻𝑁º1
𝑁º1
; al nombre del elementose le pone
prefijouro yen agua sonácidosya que se nombranacido+el nombre del elementoque
se le cambia el uro porhídrico; por ejemplo,sulfurode hidrogenoque enaguaes
ácidosulfúrico.
Sales:se lescambialas terminaciones osoporito e ico por ato:
 Oxisales:HNMO+M(OH)NMMO+H2O; por ejemplo,sulfatode sodio,
sulfitocúprico,nitratoargentosoycarbonitode cadmio.
 Básicas:las haymonobásicas,tribásicas,etc.:
HNM+M(OH)NMOMNM(OH)+H2O; carbonitobásicocobalticoy
carbonato monobásicocobaltico.
 Acidas:lashay monoacidas,triacidas,etc.: HNM+M(OH)NMHM+H20;
por ejemplo,carbonatoacidode sodio
 Neutras(haloideas):hidróxido+hidruronometálico;sunomenclaturaesdiferentealas
de otras sales,se nombran:el nometal con uro+de+el metal,ysi esnecesariose usala
nomenclaturasistemática;porejemplo,el clorurode sodio,monosulfurode disodioy
trisulfurode aluminio;tambiénliberanagua.
Nomenclaturade nometalesconnometales:prefijode cantidad-el nombrede unno
metal-uro+de+prefijode cantidad-el nombre de otronometal;porejemplo,carburode azufre
o sulfurode carbono.
A los metaloidesse los considera como
no metales.
NOTAS
Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los
estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del
elementomientras que las cargas totales
se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo
o molécula
Valenciasconlasque actúan algunosátomosysus diferencias
H= ±1 no metal
Li=1 metal
B= 3 metaloide
C= 2, ±4 no metal
N= ±3 y 5 no metal
O= -2 nometal
F= -1 nometal
Na= 1 metal
Mg= 2 metal
Al=3 metal
Si= 4 metaloide
P= ± 3 y 5 no metal
S= (-2),4 y 6 nometal
Cl= ±1, 3, 5 y 7
K= 1 metal
Ca= 2 metal
Cr= 2, 3 y 6 metal
Mn= 2, 3, 4 y 7 metal
Fe= 2 y 3 metal
Co= 2 y 3 metal
Ni=2 y 3 metal
Cu= 1 y 2 metal
Zn= 2 metal
As= ±3 y 5 metaloide
Br= ±1, 3, 5 y 7 no metal
Ag= 1 metal
Sn= 2 y 4 metal
I= ±1, 3, 5 y 7 no metal
Pt= 2 y 4 metal
A los metaloidesse los considera como
no metales.
NOTAS
Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los
estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del
elementomientras que las cargas totales
se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo
o molécula
Au= 1 y 3 metal
Hg= 1 y 2 metal
Pb= 2 y 4 metal
Excepciones:
(NH4)+
amoniaco
(H3O)+
hidronio
(NO2)+
nitronio
(AsO4)-3
arseniato
(AsO3)-3
arsenito
(BO3)-3
borato
(CrO4)-2
cromato
(Cr2O7)-2
dicromato
(PO4)-3
fosfato
(HPO4)-2
fosfato acido
(H2PO4)-1
fosfato diácido
(PO3)-3
fosfito
(MnO4)-1
permanganato
(OH)-1
oxidrilo o hidróxido
(C-4
N)-1
cianuro
(C)-1
carburo
(He)+2
partícula alfa
(H)+
hidrogenión

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microwave assisted reaction. General introductionmicrowave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
 

Chemical Formulas and Compounds Classification

  • 1. A los metaloidesse los considera como no metales. NOTAS Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del elementomientras que las cargas totales se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo o molécula UnidadNº 2 “Formulasquímicas” Los compuestosquímicosse dividenen:  Compuestosinorgánicos:sonloscompuestosque nonecesariamente constituyenla materiaviviente  Compuestos orgánicos:sonloscompuestosque si necesariamenteconstituyenla materiaviviente. Nomenclaturatradicional parahastacincoestadosde oxidación. Uno Único estado -ico Dos Primerestado(menor) Segundoestado(mayor) -oso -ico Tres Primerestado(menor) Segundoestado(intermedio) Tercer estado(mayor) hipo…-oso -oso -ico Cuatro Primerestado(menor) Segundoestado(intermediomenor) Tercer estado(intermediomayor) Cuarto estado(mayor) hipo…-oso -oso -ico Per…-ico Cinco Primerestado(menor) Segundoestado(intermediomenor) Tercer estado(intermediomayor) Cuarto estado(intermediomayor) Quintoestado(mayor) hipo…-oso -oso -ico per…-ico hiper…-ico Nomenclaturastockparalos estadosde oxidación: compuesto a formar+DE+el elemento + (número romano queindiqueelestado de oxidación delelemento) Nomenclaturasistemáticaparalosestadosde oxidación: a) 1: mono- f) 6: hexa- k) etc…- b) 10: deca- g) 4: tetra- c) 3: tri- h) 5: penta- d) 8: octa- i) 9: nona- e) 7: hepta- k) 2: di- Formacionde compuestos:en general es:
  • 2. A los metaloidesse los considera como no metales. NOTAS Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del elementomientras que las cargas totales se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo o molécula Óxidos:el oxígenoreaccionacontodosloselementosmenosconlosgasesnobles:  Básicos:elementometálico+oxigeno;porejemplo,el óxidoferrosoomonóxidode hierrou óxidode hierro(III)  Ácidos:elementonometálico+oxigeno;porejemplo:oxidosulfúrico Hidróxidos:oxidobásico+H2O M-1(OH)Nº1; por ejemplo,hidróxidoférricoy hidróxidoaluminicoohidróxidode aluminio. Ácidos:oxidoacido+ H2OH2NMONº1+Nº2; por ejemplo,acidosulfúrico,acido nítrico y acidonitroso. Hidruros:elemento+hidrogeno;el elementosiempre actúaconsu menorvalencia:  Metálicos:MNº1 + H-1  𝑀1 𝑁º1 𝐻𝑁º1 𝑁º1.1 ; por ejemplo,hidrurode aluminioy hidrurode hierro  No metálicos NM-Nº1 +H+1 N𝑀1 𝑁º1 𝐻𝑁º1 𝑁º1 ; al nombre del elementose le pone prefijouro yen agua sonácidosya que se nombranacido+el nombre del elementoque se le cambia el uro porhídrico; por ejemplo,sulfurode hidrogenoque enaguaes ácidosulfúrico. Sales:se lescambialas terminaciones osoporito e ico por ato:  Oxisales:HNMO+M(OH)NMMO+H2O; por ejemplo,sulfatode sodio, sulfitocúprico,nitratoargentosoycarbonitode cadmio.  Básicas:las haymonobásicas,tribásicas,etc.: HNM+M(OH)NMOMNM(OH)+H2O; carbonitobásicocobalticoy carbonato monobásicocobaltico.  Acidas:lashay monoacidas,triacidas,etc.: HNM+M(OH)NMHM+H20; por ejemplo,carbonatoacidode sodio  Neutras(haloideas):hidróxido+hidruronometálico;sunomenclaturaesdiferentealas de otras sales,se nombran:el nometal con uro+de+el metal,ysi esnecesariose usala nomenclaturasistemática;porejemplo,el clorurode sodio,monosulfurode disodioy trisulfurode aluminio;tambiénliberanagua. Nomenclaturade nometalesconnometales:prefijode cantidad-el nombrede unno metal-uro+de+prefijode cantidad-el nombre de otronometal;porejemplo,carburode azufre o sulfurode carbono.
  • 3. A los metaloidesse los considera como no metales. NOTAS Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del elementomientras que las cargas totales se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo o molécula Valenciasconlasque actúan algunosátomosysus diferencias H= ±1 no metal Li=1 metal B= 3 metaloide C= 2, ±4 no metal N= ±3 y 5 no metal O= -2 nometal F= -1 nometal Na= 1 metal Mg= 2 metal Al=3 metal Si= 4 metaloide P= ± 3 y 5 no metal S= (-2),4 y 6 nometal Cl= ±1, 3, 5 y 7 K= 1 metal Ca= 2 metal Cr= 2, 3 y 6 metal Mn= 2, 3, 4 y 7 metal Fe= 2 y 3 metal Co= 2 y 3 metal Ni=2 y 3 metal Cu= 1 y 2 metal Zn= 2 metal As= ±3 y 5 metaloide Br= ±1, 3, 5 y 7 no metal Ag= 1 metal Sn= 2 y 4 metal I= ±1, 3, 5 y 7 no metal Pt= 2 y 4 metal
  • 4. A los metaloidesse los considera como no metales. NOTAS Las moléculassongrupos de átomos. Los estados de oxidaciónse colocanarriba del elementomientras que las cargas totales se colocanal costadoderechodel átomo o molécula Au= 1 y 3 metal Hg= 1 y 2 metal Pb= 2 y 4 metal Excepciones: (NH4)+ amoniaco (H3O)+ hidronio (NO2)+ nitronio (AsO4)-3 arseniato (AsO3)-3 arsenito (BO3)-3 borato (CrO4)-2 cromato (Cr2O7)-2 dicromato (PO4)-3 fosfato (HPO4)-2 fosfato acido (H2PO4)-1 fosfato diácido (PO3)-3 fosfito (MnO4)-1 permanganato (OH)-1 oxidrilo o hidróxido (C-4 N)-1 cianuro (C)-1 carburo (He)+2 partícula alfa (H)+ hidrogenión