This document provides information on congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). It discusses the causes, signs, symptoms, examination findings, treatment options including orthotic interventions like the Pavlik harness and Frejka pillow. CDH occurs at or shortly after birth while DDH develops during the embryonic, fetal or infantile stage. Treatment aims to achieve and maintain reduction of the femoral head into the acetabulum through splinting or bracing until the hip joint stabilizes.

1. AKSHAY CHAVAN
1ST M.P.O. BATCH 2018 - 19
CDH
(CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF HIP)
(DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF HIP)
DDH

2. CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF HIP (CDH)
This is spontaneous dislocation of the hip occurring before, during or shortly
after birth.
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP ( DDH )
It is the abnormal development of Acetabulum or Head of femur

3. CDH DDH
1. IT IS CAUSED DURING BIRTH OR
SHORHTLY AFTER BIRTH.
1. IT IS CAUSED DURING EMBRYONIC ,
FOETAL, OR INFANTILE STAGE
2. COMPLICATIONS OF DDH ARE NOT
SEEN IN CDH
2. COMPLICATIONS OF CDH ARE
DIAGNOSED HERE.
EG:SUBLUXATION
3. ETIOLOGY: EDIOPATHIC 3. EDIOPATHIC: GENETIC AND ETHNIC
4. HEAD OF FEMUR IS TOTALLY
DISLOCATED FROM HIP
4. THE HEAD OF THE FEMUR MAY OR MAY
NOT BE DISLOCATED
5. IT IS NOT A HEREDITORY DISEASE. 5. IT IS A HEREDITORY DISEASE.(23% of
chances of it being passed on to
generations)

4. • AETIOLOGY
C D H
a) Contracted pelvis cause tighten the space in uterus .
b) Increased estrogen level before birth lead to laxity of
capsule .
c) Ethnic factors (Americans).
D D H
a) Hereditary predisposition to joint laxity ,chromosome
no 13.
b) Hormone induced joint laxity: CDH is 3-5 times more
common in females.
c) Breech malposition.

5. It is uncommon in India and some other Asian countries, probably
because of the culture of mother carrying the child on the side of her
waist with the hips of the child abducted.
• This position helps in reduction of an unstable
hip, which otherwise would have dislocated.
• The general term “dysplastic hip” is
sometimes used for these congenital
malformations of the hip.
• In western countries, it is one of the
commonest congenital disorder. 25 to 50
babies per 1000 birth.
• India it is 2 babies per 1000 birth.

6. • Depth of acetabulum
• Tension and strength of ligaments & surrounding muscles
• Length & obliquity of the neck of femur
STABILITY OF HIP JOINT

7. PATHOLOGY
• Femoral head is dislocated upwards and laterally; its epiphysis is small
and ossifies late.
• Femoral neck is excessively anteverted.
• Acetabulum is shallow, with a steep sloping roof.
• Ligamentum teres is hypertrophied.
• Fibro-cartilaginous labrum of the acetabulum (limbus) may be folded into
the cavity of the acetabulum (inverted limbus).
• Capsule of the hip joint is stretched.
• Muscles around the hip, especially the adductors, undergo adaptive
shortening.

8. CLINICAL FEATURES
• CDH may be detected at birth or soon after Sometimes
not noticed until the child starts walking.
• Routine screening of suggestive sing in every newborn
baby especially those who are at high risk.
• Asymmetrical groin fold ,clicks, limitation of moments.
• Girls are affected 6 times more often than boys.
• In 1/3 of all cases both hips are affected Or left hip is
commonly affected .

9. EXAMINATION
FOR NEONETAL

10. FOR OLDER CHILD
• Limitation of movement , limb may be short .
• Higher buttock fold on the affected side, asymmetrical tight fold .
• Galeazzi’s sign: The level of the knees are compared in a child lying with hip
flexed to 700 and knees flexed.
• Ortolani’s test may be positive.
• Trendelenburg’s test is positive:
This test is performed in unilateral an older child. - Trendelenburg’s gait
B/L - waddling gait
• The limb is short and slightly externally rotated.
• There is lowering of the knee on the affected side.

11. RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES
In child below the age of 1 year it is difficult to diagnose a dislocated hip on plain X-rays.
Ultrasound examination is useful in early diagnosis at birth.
• Delayed appearance of the
ossification
• Sloping acetabulum.
• Lateral and upward displacement of
the ossification center

12. Treatment
ORTHOTIC GOAL
• To attain a concentric reduction of hip
• To produce normal Acetabulum & Femoral Head
development .
• To avoid complications like stiffness , infection & avascular
necrosis of head of femur .
• To avoid unnecessary patient & parental hardship .
• Splint should be maternal.
Aim is to achieve reduction of the head into the acetabulum and maintain it until
the hip becomes clinically stable and a “round” acetabulum covers the head
Most cases closed reduction possible, else open reduction done.

13. Birth to 6 month
• Where facilities for ultrasound scanning are available, all
new-born infants at risk are examined by USG.
• If hip is reduced and has a normal cartilaginous outline,
no treatment is required, observe for 3-6m.
• If acetabular dysplasia or hip instability, the hip is
splinted in a position of flexion and abduction and USG
done at intervals.
Orthotics intervention
• The Pavlik harness
• Frejka pillow
• Von Rosen’s splint

14. Pavlik harness
• Arnold Pavlik developed his device ‘harness
with stirrups’ in the 1940s.
• He considered active movement of the hip
joint as the most important therapeutic
factor in the treatment of DDH and named
his method ‘functional treatment’.
• The main aim of Pavlik was to achieve
spontaneous and harmless repositioning and
centralization of the femoral head in order to
reach the best anatomical and functional
outcome in children up to one year of age
• keeping the hips and knees in flexion and the
hips in abduction, allowing active hip
movements, first relaxed the adduction
contracture and then a spontaneous
reduction would occur during the abduction
movements

15. • Adjustable chest band positioned at
the nipple line, with halter strap that
should cross in the back to prevent
slipping.
• Two shoulder strap which crosses
posteriorly
• The posterior straps should overlie the
scapula, and the leg straps should not
impinge in the popliteal fossa.
• Two anterior & two posterior straps
which helps to provide desire amount
of flexion & abduction of hip . They
should be at anterior auxiliary line, if
more medial, they produce an
adduction force.
• The posterior straps should be tight
enough to prevent adduction.
• Two ankle stirrups which contain ankle
& foot
• Once the child has been placed in the harness, a radiograph should be obtained to
ensure that reduction has been obtained.

16. Points to be remember during fitting of pavlik harness :
1 . Force must not be used for reduction .
2 . Position of the hip must be confirm radiographically .
3 . Hip must be flexed 90 to 110 degree to direct the head into
tri-radiate cartilage .
4 . Posterior straps should not be tight in order to avoid forceful
abduction . Straps should allows knee to adduct within 1”-2 “
of the midline .
5. Harness allows active movement in all direction except extension &
adduction .
How long will child need to wear the harness?
The amount of treatment time varies based upon the severity of
child’s DDH. In the majority of cases, the harness is worn 24 hours a
day for 8–12 weeks.
After every 3–4 weeks, harness should be adjust according to severity.

17. Disadvantages :
1 . Difficult to educate parents for donning & doffing
of the harness .
2 . Manual error in tightening of straps causes loss of
positioning .
3. Forceful abduction may cause avascular necrosis
4 . Chances of inferior acetabular dislocation .
5 . Transient femoral nerve palsy may happen .

18. Frejka pillow splint
• It is an analogous treatment , double and
triple diapering.
• Frejka was one of Pavlik’s professors.
• Frejka created the pillow after experiencing
some success with abduction treatment.
• harnessed to the body by straps and Velcro's.
• The splint keeps the legs in an outward
rotated position to ensure that the head of
the femur locates with the acetabulum or
cavities of the pelvis
• The treatment lasts normally 3 - 4 months
• It did not provide enough flexion to orient
properly the proximal femur toward the
triradiate cartilage.
• The Frejka pillow is constructed as a 9 x 9 x ¾
inch foam pillow, retrained in a cloth harness
with encoring ties.

19. Von Rosen’s splint
• In 1962 Von Rosen reported his use of a
special splint in the congenital hip
dislocation.
• It is passive restraining Or positioning
device being adjustable in both
abduction and flexion.
• made up of malleable aluminum frame
which can be molded around shoulder,
thighs & waist.
• Today the orthosis is made up of
malleable plastic with one frame for the
shoulders, waist, and thighs.
• It has very low rate of AVN but high rate
of pressure ulcers .

20. 6 month to 18 months
• The hip must be reduced – preferably by closed methods but if
necessary by operation – and held reduced until acetabular
development is satisfactory
• Closed reduction : suitable after 6m and is performed under
arthrogram to confirm a concentric reduction
• Failure to achieve concentric
reduction should lead to abandoning
this method in favour of an operative
approach at approximately 1 year of
age

21. • Held in a plaster Spica at 60 degrees of flexion, 40 degrees of
abduction and 20 degrees of internal rotation.
• After 6 weeks the Spica is changed & stability assessed
• If satisfactory, Spica retained for 6w, then abduction splint for 6m
• If concentric reduction is not achieved, open operation is done
• ILFELD ORTHOSIS
• DENIS BROWNE BAR
• PLASTAZOTE HIP
ABDUCTION ORTHOSIS
• ABDUCTION SPLINT
ORTHOTIC TREATMENT

22. ILFELD ORTHOSIS
• The Ilfeld orthosis is primarily
an abduction orthosis used in
the spectrum of DDH.
• It promote flexion to some
degree.
• It differs markedly from the
Pavlik harness in that it is a
passive device and does not
promote motion of the hip
joint.

23. • It is fabricated with two thigh cuffs and an
adjustable metal cross bar that allows variation of
abduction.
• Suspension is through a waist strap.
• It is an effective postoperative treatment to aid in
maintain abduction.

24. DENIS BROWNE BAR
• The DB bar has cuffs that go around the thighs and are
attached to a bar.
• This holds the hips and knees up (flexed) with the legs
apart (abducted).
• This position allows contact between the thigh and hip
bones and helps the muscles and ligaments to
strengthen while the hip is developing.

25. PLASTAZOTE HIP ABDUCTION ORTHOSIS
• This orthosis maintain 70
– 90 degree of hip flexion
& wide
• Abduction & allows free
motion of the knee .
• Consist of one piece pelvic
& thigh bands made up of
• Plastazote & separated
by abduction bar .

26. ABDUCTION SPLINT

27. Persistence dislocation after 18 month
• In older children open reduction arthrography and
femoral osteotomy more preferred than close reduction
• Traction: help to loosen the tissues and bring the
femoral head down opposite the acetabulum.
• Acetabular reconstruction procedures- If there is marked
acetabular dysplasia,

28. ATLANTA SCOTTISH RITE
• It is used mainly in CDH post
operatively .
• Can be used for elderly
ambulatory patient .
• It has no extension below knee
thus has no rotational control .
• Ambulation is possible with this
brace
• Telescopic adjustment bar is
given .

29. Prevention is better than cure

31. Thank you