3. We learnt
• Communication
Plan – what to speak
Choose the Medium – language & style, mode
Active Listening – open minded & effort to understand
Feedback – check action/ outcome
• Rules of Grammar
Nouns
Verbs Pronouns
Adverbs Adjectives
Prepositions Interjections
Conjunctions
4. RULE – I
In the case of as well as, together with, along
with, and not, in addition to, besides, etc
the VERB relates to the FIRST SUBJECT instead
of the second subject
• Hari along with his father are going to Ambala, for purchasing some
books for his studies (is)
• Captain along with his soilders were killed in the second world war (was)
• She besides her friend have decided to visit Delhi this time (has)
5. RULE – II
The words each, every, everyone, someone,
somebody, everybody, anybody, nobody,
anyone, are always used in singular.
• Everybody like to praise his own work. (likes)
• Every student are to be given free medical aid in this college. (is)
• Each of the six boys are taking interest in their work. (is)
6. RULE –III
‘Either’ is used for two persons or two things
whereas ‘Any’ is used for more than two e.g.
• Here are nine balls, you can choose either (any)
• Have you read either of the three novels written by Mr. Shubhas
Pathak? (any)
• Do you like any of the two methods suggest by principle? (Either)
7. RULE – IV
‘Each other’ is used for two person and things
whereas ‘one another’ is used for more-than two.
• All the five brothers were quarrelling with each other over their
father’s property.(one another)
• They were discussing the point with each other.(no error)
8. RULE –V
The words scenery, machinery, work, business,
poor rich, knowledge, furniture, equipment, news,
luggage, Bread, hair, poetry, fruit & fleet - are
used in singular only.
• The owner of the shop is going to sell all his furnitures (furniture)
• Many manufacturers use imported machineries just to increase
the quality, of their products (machinery)
• The information’s were broadcast from television (information
was)
9. RULE – VI
The words vegetables, spectacles, trousers,
Himalayas, people, orders (noun), repairs and
scissors-are always used in plural.
• I had gone to buy vegetables(vegetables)
• The road is closed for repair(repairs)
• The judge passed order for his release(orders)
10. RULE – VII
The following nouns are used either in singular or in plural
according to the sense or meaning they are required to
convey. Hence care should be taken while using
singular/plural form of these words .
• She gave herself the airs of a princess.
• The British forces marched at midnight.
• There is no force in this argument.
MEANING IN SINGULAR MEANING IN PLURAL
Air- atmosphere Airs- affected manners
Advice- counsel Advises- information
Good- benefit Goods- commodities
Return- coming back Returns- statistics
Force- strength Forces- army
11. RULE – VIII
Some nouns that have two forms in the plural number
should be carefully selected and used according to the
meaning we want to convey. The meaning of the following
plural forms should be carefully remembered.
• We are all brethren
• Shiva’s clothes are neat and clean
Plural Forms Meanings
Brothers Sons of same mother
Brethren Members of a society
Cloths Pieces of cloth
Clothes Articles of dress
Indexes Tables of contents
Indices Signs used in Algebra
12. RULE – IX
The words last, yesterday, a few days ago, are
used in past indefinite tense.
• He has sold all his goods a few days ago (sold)
• She has passed MA (final) in 1986 (passed)
• Her mother has come back from tour, yesterday (came)
13. RULE – X
In one sentence double negative should not be
used:
• He has not done nothing wrong in this case (any thing)
• Ramesh did not like to help nobody (anybody)
14. RULE – XI
If the sentence starts with some negative word,
then in the following line helping verb always
comes before the subject.
• No sooner did it rain than he had opened the umbrella.
• Seldom does he take bath.
• Hardly does he solve the question in time.
• Not only did he not study hard, but he even skipped the exams.
15. RULE – XII
Some words: unless, till, until, Refuse, deny, lest,
forbid are not followed by negative sentence.
• He will not join the army until he is not permitted by the parents.(delete not)
• Wait here till I do not come back. (delete do not )
• She will not be happy unless her friend does not help her (delete not )
• He forbade me not to appear for the test .(delete not)
• Walk fast lest you should not miss the train(delete not)
16. RULE –XIII
We used the word ‘the’ before the names of
oceans, rivers, mountain, sacred books,
newspapers, magazines, Ship buildings,
provinces, nations and communities and with the
superlative degree e.g.
• Hindus should not hate the Bengalese (The Hindus)
• Jawaharlal was greatest man of the world (The Greatest)
• Tribune gives us day-to-day knowledge (The Tribune)
17. RULE –XIV
We DO NOT use the word ‘the’ before the
names of disease, person, country and metal
• The Gold is a precious metal (Gold)
• He with his friends lives in the Russia (Russia)
18. RULE – XV
The word “That” is not used with the words: how,
who, whether, what, where, when, whom, whose,
which, why, etc. for example.
• She could not explain that why she did not take interest in the
studies.
• He does not know that how to speak Hindi with his friends.
• He asked me that why I should go there.
19. RULE – XVI
In special cases, we use ‘that’ in place of ‘who
and which’ where the words -- all, any, none, only,
nothing, the few, the little -- are found in the
sentences.
• She spent the little money which she had in her pocket (that)
• All which glitters in not gold (that)
20. RULE – XVII
Use ‘that’ in place of ‘who’ and ‘which’ after
‘superlative degree’ (means word followed by’
est’ or ‘most’)
• Ashoka was the greatest king who ruled over many countries (that)
• Rahul is one of the best players who have been awarded certificates
(that)
• He is the most intelligent student who has got first division in
mathematics (that)
21. RULE – XVIII
Junior, senior, elder, inferior, superior, prior,
interior, prefer are followed by ‘to’.
But my senior officer, my junior officer, his prior
approval, etc. are used without ‘to’.
• Character is preferable than wealth (to)
• I prefer tea than coffee (to)
• He is more senior than me not only in service but also in age (to)
22. RULE – XIX
The words need not, better, rather—are not
followed by ‘to’.
• You need not to worry about your health (delete to)
• Something is better than nothing (no error)
23. RULE – XX
We do not use double comparative degree in a
sentence.
• In hockey, he is more better than me.
• She is more cleverer than her brother.
24. If two nouns donate the same meaning both the
nouns are treated as singular.
• The manager and clerk of this office are on leave today (is)
• The manager & secretary of the firm have got books of account
audited (has)
RULE – XXI
25. SPEECH
• DESCRIPTIVE
details about a subject
e.g
1. Introduce Yourself
2. Tell us about your city
• MULTILAYERED
multiple questions inbuilt in a single Questions
e.g
1. Do you read newspaper? Which newspaper? What is
today's headline?
2. Who is your role Model? What’s the difference between
a leader and a manager?
26. Theory of IDS
Introduce
a) ID of that subject
b) basic details
Describe
Summarize
One or two liner statement to conclude
a) Features
b) Attributes
c) Qualities
d) Detail Of Origin
e) Associate Stories
f) Etc
g) ..
h) ..
i) ..
