Xm achhi h k tu meri galti hai kya ji pagaliya ho gya h to kya kar rahi ho kya baat hai bhai bahut din m nhi hai kya mere pass nhi hai jo poochh rahe hai tab se chen nhi h to
Grammar II-2014 prescriptive vs Descriptive GrammarSerena Luna
This document discusses the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Prescriptive grammar establishes rules of "good" and "bad" usage, dictating what constitutes proper grammar. However, prescriptive rules are not based on how language is actually used by native speakers. Descriptive grammar objectively studies the linguistic knowledge and patterns used by native speakers, regardless of social perceptions of standardness. The document argues that linguistics should be concerned with descriptive grammar alone and that prescriptive rules have no scientific basis.
The document discusses how language relates to and may influence thoughts about gender. It notes that historically men have held power over women in society, and language often mirrored this relationship by using derogatory terms for women and associating masculine terms with courage and strength. While the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that language determines thought has been discredited, the weak version that language can influence some aspects of thought is still accepted. The document questions whether changing language can help reduce prejudiced attitudes and argues that biased language reinforces prejudice.
This document provides an overview of what language is from a linguistic perspective. It discusses that language is a uniquely human ability that allows for the production and understanding of strings of sounds to convey meaning. It notes that children acquire language proficiency around age 5 without explicit knowledge of the underlying rules. The document also describes linguistic knowledge regarding sound systems, words, creativity and grammar. It discusses the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammars, as well as theories of universal grammar and language development. It considers what distinguishes human language from animal communication systems.
- Language is a uniquely human ability to produce and understand strings of sounds to convey meaning. It allows for displacement from immediate experiences and is creative, with an infinite number of possible sentences.
- Linguistic knowledge includes knowledge of a language's sound system, words, and rules for forming sentences. It is separate from language performance or use.
- While animals can communicate, human language is discrete, rule-governed, and allows for creativity in combining elements - distinguishing it from animal systems like birdsongs.
- The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, that language determines thought, is too strong; though aspects of cognition can be influenced by a language, humans are not determined by their language.
This document provides an overview of topics related to sociolinguistics and language diversity. It discusses high- and low-context cultures and languages, language diversity problems, informal and alternative languages, forms of verbal interaction, issues with translation, and how language interacts with culture. Specific examples are given to illustrate differences in vocabulary, proverbs, verbal styles, and ways of thinking across cultures.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions of them.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions.
Grammar II-2014 prescriptive vs Descriptive GrammarSerena Luna
This document discusses the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Prescriptive grammar establishes rules of "good" and "bad" usage, dictating what constitutes proper grammar. However, prescriptive rules are not based on how language is actually used by native speakers. Descriptive grammar objectively studies the linguistic knowledge and patterns used by native speakers, regardless of social perceptions of standardness. The document argues that linguistics should be concerned with descriptive grammar alone and that prescriptive rules have no scientific basis.
The document discusses how language relates to and may influence thoughts about gender. It notes that historically men have held power over women in society, and language often mirrored this relationship by using derogatory terms for women and associating masculine terms with courage and strength. While the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that language determines thought has been discredited, the weak version that language can influence some aspects of thought is still accepted. The document questions whether changing language can help reduce prejudiced attitudes and argues that biased language reinforces prejudice.
This document provides an overview of what language is from a linguistic perspective. It discusses that language is a uniquely human ability that allows for the production and understanding of strings of sounds to convey meaning. It notes that children acquire language proficiency around age 5 without explicit knowledge of the underlying rules. The document also describes linguistic knowledge regarding sound systems, words, creativity and grammar. It discusses the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammars, as well as theories of universal grammar and language development. It considers what distinguishes human language from animal communication systems.
- Language is a uniquely human ability to produce and understand strings of sounds to convey meaning. It allows for displacement from immediate experiences and is creative, with an infinite number of possible sentences.
- Linguistic knowledge includes knowledge of a language's sound system, words, and rules for forming sentences. It is separate from language performance or use.
- While animals can communicate, human language is discrete, rule-governed, and allows for creativity in combining elements - distinguishing it from animal systems like birdsongs.
- The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, that language determines thought, is too strong; though aspects of cognition can be influenced by a language, humans are not determined by their language.
This document provides an overview of topics related to sociolinguistics and language diversity. It discusses high- and low-context cultures and languages, language diversity problems, informal and alternative languages, forms of verbal interaction, issues with translation, and how language interacts with culture. Specific examples are given to illustrate differences in vocabulary, proverbs, verbal styles, and ways of thinking across cultures.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions of them.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions.
This document discusses different ways that language varies based on social context and group. It covers styles like formal vs informal, as well as phenomena like slang, jargon, taboo language, euphemisms, secret languages, and language games. Slang is informal language that expresses new meanings, while jargon refers to specialized language of a profession. Taboo language involves topics that are socially unacceptable, and euphemisms are polite substitutions for taboo words. Secret languages and games help groups bond or communicate privately. Language styles and special forms are important tools for social interaction and group identity.
This chapter discusses verbal communication and language. It describes how language is used to think and communicate experiences through a system of symbols. It identifies the five functional communication competencies of using language to control, share information, express feelings, be creative, and manage conversations. The chapter also addresses problems that can occur with language abstraction, meaning, labeling, and biased terms. Finally, it examines how language reflects and determines the relational, situational, cultural, and mediated contexts of communication.
This document discusses various aspects of cross-cultural communication and nonverbal communication. It defines culture and explains its role in communication. It outlines the purposes of cross-cultural communication as eliminating communication problems, studying different cultures, and making communication smooth. The document also discusses nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, haptics/touch, and attire. It notes differences in nonverbal communication norms across cultures. Finally, the document provides guidelines for non-sexist language.
The document discusses differences between men's and women's speech. It notes that women's speech tends to be more emotionally sensitive, using more descriptive words. Men's speech is typically more direct and uses simpler vocabulary. The biggest difference is found in speech production mechanisms - men have longer vocal tracts and thicker vocal cords leading to a higher pitch in women's voices. Women's conversations also tend to be more interactive compared to men's sequential monologues. Gender differences in language are argued to have developed from Proto-Indo-European noun classes and affect speech acquisition and social interactions.
This document summarizes key points from a lecture on linguistic relativity and gender categories:
1) Studies show that speakers of different languages may think about gendered objects like bridges differently based on the grammatical gender of the words in their language. However, the effects are subtle and testing is challenging.
2) Languages encode gender in varied ways, sometimes dividing categories that English lumps together, like separating young women from other females. This reveals how gender is a social construct.
3) While grammatical gender alone may not determine thought, habitual patterns of thinking developed for speaking a language could still subtly influence cognition in other contexts. The impacts are debated.
1. The document discusses various topics related to language including definitions of language, varieties of languages, language registers, and language change.
2. It provides details on the many languages spoken in the Philippines and classifications of language varieties such as dialects, pidgins, and creoles.
3. Examples are given of formal, casual, intimate, and other language registers and how register varies based on social context and relationships between speakers.
Stylistics introduction, Definitions of StylisticsAngel Ortega
This document defines stylistics and discusses its branches. Stylistics is the analysis of linguistic variation in actual language use. It examines how the same content can be expressed differently and analyzes styles across texts. Stylistics considers the natural properties of language that ensure intended effects. The document also distinguishes between spoken and written language at the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels, and categorizes words as common, formal, technical, and slang.
This document provides an overview of the study of language and its various subfields. It discusses how language can be studied at different levels, from sounds (phonetics and phonology) to words (morphology) to sentences (syntax) to meanings (semantics) to social and cultural aspects (pragmatics, sociolinguistics). It also examines how language changes over time (historical linguistics), how it evolved (evolutionary linguistics), and how it is acquired and represented mentally (psycholinguistics). The document aims to illustrate the breadth and complexity of the field of linguistics.
Language in SocietyCOMS 320 Sp15Ch 7 SectionsLanguag.docxDIPESH30
The document discusses several topics related to language and communication:
1. It describes different types of writing systems including logographic, syllabic, consonantal, and alphabetic systems.
2. It explains how the development of written language can slow language change and motivate language preservation by allowing repetition with fewer individual changes.
3. It discusses how writing influenced early Greek society by allowing for manipulation of concepts, lessening of human interaction, and distancing language from self through the permanent written word.
- Clitics are linguistic elements that are not full words but attach to other words. They cannot be stressed and do not cause the same morphological changes as prefixes or suffixes.
- In Spanish, clitic pronouns attach to the verb but do not change the stress pattern of the word. For example, "I am reading it" becomes "I'm reading it" when the clitic is added.
- The document discusses various tests and criteria for determining parts of speech based on distribution and morphology. However, it notes that some words defy strict categorization, and the distributional theory has limitations. Overall tests of contexts, affixation, and other changes help identify parts of speech but cannot account for all
This document provides an overview of topics that will be covered in a basic linguistics course, including:
- The differences between speech and writing, and why linguists consider speech to be primary.
- The descriptive vs. prescriptive approaches to language, with linguists taking a descriptive approach.
- The main parts of grammar: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
- The concept of arbitrariness in language, where the relationship between form and meaning is largely conventional rather than inherent, with limited exceptions for onomatopoeia and sound symbolism.
The document discusses how language can promote stereotyping and sexism through the use of racist, stereotypical, and sexist terms. It provides examples of sexist language in words and proverbs, and how culture and theories of language acquisition may contribute to the use of sexist language. The document concludes that treating people equally and implementing equal practices will naturally lead to more inclusive, non-sexist language.
Chomsky is a renowned linguist who revolutionized the field with his theory of transformational generative grammar. He argued that language is rule-governed and that children have an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language based on limited environmental input. Chomsky developed the concepts of deep structure, surface structure, and recursion to explain how language works. His theories challenged the behaviorist view of language learning and established linguistics as a cognitive science.
This document discusses language registers and how they vary based on social context. It defines five registers: frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate. Each register has distinguishing characteristics in terms of formality, participation, syntax, vocabulary and appropriateness for different situations. Moving between registers is common and important for effective communication, but a shift of more than one level may seem inappropriate. Language registers are linked to power dynamics and reflect factors like education, background and authority. Mastering upper registers can provide social and career advantages, as expectations exist for how those in power positions communicate.
Pragmatics studies how utterances are used and interpreted based on context. It examines linguistic context like other words used, physical context like location, and how deixis requires shared knowledge. Speech act theory analyzes locutionary meaning, illocutionary intention, and perlocutionary effect. Cooperation theory proposes maxims for conversation like being relevant and clear. Pragmatic analysis considers how meaning relates to situation, people, context, and shared information.
The document discusses several topics related to language in society, including bilingual education programs, African American English ("Ebonics"), slang, jargon, taboo language, and euphemisms. It notes that bilingual education programs take different forms, from transitional programs that phase out the native language to dual immersion programs that aim for all students to become bilingual. It also discusses how taboo words relate to social attitudes and give rise to euphemisms, as well as how secret languages and language games demonstrate humans' creativity with language.
Noam Chomsky revolutionized the field of linguistics with his theory of transformational generative grammar. He argued that language is an innate, rule-governed system and that children have an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language with limited exposure. Chomsky critiqued behaviorist theories of language learning and argued that aspects of syntax are universal across languages. His work had implications for understanding language development and differentiated innate and environmental influences on language learning.
When your persona talks: Mitigating linguistic bias in voice interaction designMary Constance Parks
Updated slides for my talk at the Interaction Design Association's Interaction 20 conference in Milan, Italy: https://interaction20.ixda.org/program/when-your-persona-talks-mitigating-linguistic-bias-in-voice-interaction-design
Hd video download kar raha tha so jao or phon to utha lete h to delay ho gya thoda sa station se school me kon h ye to bta de yrr bhej na dev bhai ko bhi nhi pad rha h to kya koi pareshani hai to bata deta hu na kabhi to delay ho gya thoda
Do not not well don't don't provide me kon ho gaya hoya tha ki tu apna kam kam khaya karo kuch kuch bole hi galti se ho gaya hoya tha ki kal jayenge to
More Related Content
Similar to 13-Ling-21---Lecture-12b---Language-Thought-and-Culture.ppt
This document discusses different ways that language varies based on social context and group. It covers styles like formal vs informal, as well as phenomena like slang, jargon, taboo language, euphemisms, secret languages, and language games. Slang is informal language that expresses new meanings, while jargon refers to specialized language of a profession. Taboo language involves topics that are socially unacceptable, and euphemisms are polite substitutions for taboo words. Secret languages and games help groups bond or communicate privately. Language styles and special forms are important tools for social interaction and group identity.
This chapter discusses verbal communication and language. It describes how language is used to think and communicate experiences through a system of symbols. It identifies the five functional communication competencies of using language to control, share information, express feelings, be creative, and manage conversations. The chapter also addresses problems that can occur with language abstraction, meaning, labeling, and biased terms. Finally, it examines how language reflects and determines the relational, situational, cultural, and mediated contexts of communication.
This document discusses various aspects of cross-cultural communication and nonverbal communication. It defines culture and explains its role in communication. It outlines the purposes of cross-cultural communication as eliminating communication problems, studying different cultures, and making communication smooth. The document also discusses nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, haptics/touch, and attire. It notes differences in nonverbal communication norms across cultures. Finally, the document provides guidelines for non-sexist language.
The document discusses differences between men's and women's speech. It notes that women's speech tends to be more emotionally sensitive, using more descriptive words. Men's speech is typically more direct and uses simpler vocabulary. The biggest difference is found in speech production mechanisms - men have longer vocal tracts and thicker vocal cords leading to a higher pitch in women's voices. Women's conversations also tend to be more interactive compared to men's sequential monologues. Gender differences in language are argued to have developed from Proto-Indo-European noun classes and affect speech acquisition and social interactions.
This document summarizes key points from a lecture on linguistic relativity and gender categories:
1) Studies show that speakers of different languages may think about gendered objects like bridges differently based on the grammatical gender of the words in their language. However, the effects are subtle and testing is challenging.
2) Languages encode gender in varied ways, sometimes dividing categories that English lumps together, like separating young women from other females. This reveals how gender is a social construct.
3) While grammatical gender alone may not determine thought, habitual patterns of thinking developed for speaking a language could still subtly influence cognition in other contexts. The impacts are debated.
1. The document discusses various topics related to language including definitions of language, varieties of languages, language registers, and language change.
2. It provides details on the many languages spoken in the Philippines and classifications of language varieties such as dialects, pidgins, and creoles.
3. Examples are given of formal, casual, intimate, and other language registers and how register varies based on social context and relationships between speakers.
Stylistics introduction, Definitions of StylisticsAngel Ortega
This document defines stylistics and discusses its branches. Stylistics is the analysis of linguistic variation in actual language use. It examines how the same content can be expressed differently and analyzes styles across texts. Stylistics considers the natural properties of language that ensure intended effects. The document also distinguishes between spoken and written language at the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels, and categorizes words as common, formal, technical, and slang.
This document provides an overview of the study of language and its various subfields. It discusses how language can be studied at different levels, from sounds (phonetics and phonology) to words (morphology) to sentences (syntax) to meanings (semantics) to social and cultural aspects (pragmatics, sociolinguistics). It also examines how language changes over time (historical linguistics), how it evolved (evolutionary linguistics), and how it is acquired and represented mentally (psycholinguistics). The document aims to illustrate the breadth and complexity of the field of linguistics.
Language in SocietyCOMS 320 Sp15Ch 7 SectionsLanguag.docxDIPESH30
The document discusses several topics related to language and communication:
1. It describes different types of writing systems including logographic, syllabic, consonantal, and alphabetic systems.
2. It explains how the development of written language can slow language change and motivate language preservation by allowing repetition with fewer individual changes.
3. It discusses how writing influenced early Greek society by allowing for manipulation of concepts, lessening of human interaction, and distancing language from self through the permanent written word.
- Clitics are linguistic elements that are not full words but attach to other words. They cannot be stressed and do not cause the same morphological changes as prefixes or suffixes.
- In Spanish, clitic pronouns attach to the verb but do not change the stress pattern of the word. For example, "I am reading it" becomes "I'm reading it" when the clitic is added.
- The document discusses various tests and criteria for determining parts of speech based on distribution and morphology. However, it notes that some words defy strict categorization, and the distributional theory has limitations. Overall tests of contexts, affixation, and other changes help identify parts of speech but cannot account for all
This document provides an overview of topics that will be covered in a basic linguistics course, including:
- The differences between speech and writing, and why linguists consider speech to be primary.
- The descriptive vs. prescriptive approaches to language, with linguists taking a descriptive approach.
- The main parts of grammar: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
- The concept of arbitrariness in language, where the relationship between form and meaning is largely conventional rather than inherent, with limited exceptions for onomatopoeia and sound symbolism.
The document discusses how language can promote stereotyping and sexism through the use of racist, stereotypical, and sexist terms. It provides examples of sexist language in words and proverbs, and how culture and theories of language acquisition may contribute to the use of sexist language. The document concludes that treating people equally and implementing equal practices will naturally lead to more inclusive, non-sexist language.
Chomsky is a renowned linguist who revolutionized the field with his theory of transformational generative grammar. He argued that language is rule-governed and that children have an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language based on limited environmental input. Chomsky developed the concepts of deep structure, surface structure, and recursion to explain how language works. His theories challenged the behaviorist view of language learning and established linguistics as a cognitive science.
This document discusses language registers and how they vary based on social context. It defines five registers: frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate. Each register has distinguishing characteristics in terms of formality, participation, syntax, vocabulary and appropriateness for different situations. Moving between registers is common and important for effective communication, but a shift of more than one level may seem inappropriate. Language registers are linked to power dynamics and reflect factors like education, background and authority. Mastering upper registers can provide social and career advantages, as expectations exist for how those in power positions communicate.
Pragmatics studies how utterances are used and interpreted based on context. It examines linguistic context like other words used, physical context like location, and how deixis requires shared knowledge. Speech act theory analyzes locutionary meaning, illocutionary intention, and perlocutionary effect. Cooperation theory proposes maxims for conversation like being relevant and clear. Pragmatic analysis considers how meaning relates to situation, people, context, and shared information.
The document discusses several topics related to language in society, including bilingual education programs, African American English ("Ebonics"), slang, jargon, taboo language, and euphemisms. It notes that bilingual education programs take different forms, from transitional programs that phase out the native language to dual immersion programs that aim for all students to become bilingual. It also discusses how taboo words relate to social attitudes and give rise to euphemisms, as well as how secret languages and language games demonstrate humans' creativity with language.
Noam Chomsky revolutionized the field of linguistics with his theory of transformational generative grammar. He argued that language is an innate, rule-governed system and that children have an innate language acquisition device that allows them to learn language with limited exposure. Chomsky critiqued behaviorist theories of language learning and argued that aspects of syntax are universal across languages. His work had implications for understanding language development and differentiated innate and environmental influences on language learning.
When your persona talks: Mitigating linguistic bias in voice interaction designMary Constance Parks
Updated slides for my talk at the Interaction Design Association's Interaction 20 conference in Milan, Italy: https://interaction20.ixda.org/program/when-your-persona-talks-mitigating-linguistic-bias-in-voice-interaction-design
Hd video download kar raha tha so jao or phon to utha lete h to delay ho gya thoda sa station se school me kon h ye to bta de yrr bhej na dev bhai ko bhi nhi pad rha h to kya koi pareshani hai to bata deta hu na kabhi to delay ho gya thoda
Do not not well don't don't provide me kon ho gaya hoya tha ki tu apna kam kam khaya karo kuch kuch bole hi galti se ho gaya hoya tha ki kal jayenge to
Vi ni in 12 sb me kon sa h ye batao sahi hai kya koi baat karne ka man kar rahe hai tab kehti hu ab sone jaa rahe the kya aap ko meri galti nhi h yrr bhej do bhai kya koi
Ahhh baby jaan good morning sweet dreams my dear wife my love you too my jaan ho tum dimag me kuch kuch bhi nhi kiya h na to bol dena discharge ho gaya hai na aaj kal kya kr rhi hu me
Vk gmailcomcom and care Educate the ‘at the hell is not known meaning in 12 hindi meaning of the positive thought ke liye liye mana kiya hai maine us se baat karunga to delay ho gya h kya mere se baat
This document discusses the generation of X-rays through bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation processes. It describes the components of an X-ray tube including the cathode, anode, housing and generator. The document explains how X-rays are produced when electrons are accelerated toward the anode, and the factors that determine the spectrum of the emitted X-rays such as tube voltage and target material. It also summarizes key concepts in X-ray generation including filtration, collimation, focal spot size and generator design.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has 4 chambers - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The heart is divided by septa into these chambers. The heart has surfaces including the sternocostal surface and diaphragmatic surface. Arterial blood supply comes from the right and left coronary arteries. Venous drainage occurs through the coronary sinus and associated veins.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while studying cathode rays. He observed that a mysterious type of radiation was produced when electrons interacted with glass that could pass through objects and be detected outside the tube. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons generated by an x-ray tube strike a metal target. They have properties such as being invisible, having no mass, and being able to pass through soft tissue but be absorbed by bone and metal. X-rays are used in medical imaging due to these properties allowing visualization of internal structures.
This document provides an overview of a preconference day at the RSA 2019 conference in Toronto, including presentations on mapping projects and tools like OpenRefine, TimelineJS, Palladio, and CARTO. It then provides detailed instructions on how to use OpenRefine for cleaning data, transforming values, enriching data by retrieving information from external sources like Wikidata, and exporting cleaned data. It also gives an overview of several timeline tools and an example of creating a timeline in TimelineJS using data from a Botticelli spreadsheet.
TR-069 is a protocol for communication between customer premise equipment (CPE) and an auto-configuration server (ACS) that allows for secure auto-configuration and management of CPE devices. It provides a common platform for service providers to remotely manage all CPE devices through the internet, regardless of manufacturer. Benefits include reduced costs through centralized configuration, troubleshooting, and monitoring of devices. While it aims to standardize management, interpretation challenges remain from its technical complexity across network layers. TR-069 continues expanding to incorporate new in-home technologies as the types of services provided evolves.
The document discusses EU blending frameworks for development projects. It begins by defining blending as the strategic use of grants to mobilize financing from partner financial institutions. It then outlines the goals and forms of EU blending, including direct investment grants, interest rate subsidies, and technical assistance grants. The document also details the EU blending facilities, project cycle, roles of different entities, application process, and responsibilities for decision making, contracting, and monitoring of blended projects.
Capacity Development Program for Investment Promotion Agencies of the LDCs by...AvneeshKumar164042
This document discusses a capacity development program for investment promotion agencies in least developed countries. It notes that international agreements and reviews have emphasized the importance of strengthening investment promotion regimes and IPAs in LDCs. However, FDI flows to LDCs have declined in recent years and are still concentrated in extractive industries. The objectives of the capacity development program are to strengthen the strategic orientation of IPAs, improve collaboration between IPAs and development partners, and enhance business environments and investment conditions to attract more beneficial types of investment. The program aims to address challenges such as limited IPA effectiveness, information failures, and capacity constraints facing LDC entrepreneurs.
FDI involves direct investment in facilities and assets in a foreign country, generally taking a long-term controlling stake. FPI is short-term investment in foreign financial assets like stocks for profit, without control. FDI has greater impact on economic growth through job creation and technology transfer, while FPI gives impetus to financial markets. FDI can be inward, outward, greenfield starting new operations, mergers and acquisitions of existing ventures, or brownfield combining both. It is classified by direction, target industry, and motive like resource-seeking, market-seeking, and efficiency-seeking.
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis (IE), including definitions, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. IE is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers or valves. It is classified as either native valve IE, prosthetic valve IE, IE in intravenous drug users, or nosocomial IE. Common causes are staphylococci and streptococci bacteria. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography to identify vegetations, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, abscesses, and immune complex disease. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy, and surgery may be needed for complications or refractory infection.
Sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses caused by viruses or bacteria. Common symptoms include headaches, difficulty breathing through the nose, facial pain, and thick colored drainage. Over-the-counter decongestants and antihistamines can help relieve symptoms, but if symptoms persist for more than a few days or worsen, a medical provider should be seen. Proper treatment helps clear the sinuses and relieve discomfort.
This document discusses blood gas analysis and clinical interpretation. It begins by outlining common errors in blood gas sampling and discusses the components of a blood gas analysis. It then provides steps for analyzing blood gas results, including calculating the anion gap and delta gap to identify specific acid-base disorders. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use these steps and calculations to interpret blood gas results and determine if findings indicate a respiratory or metabolic disorder and if compensation is appropriate. Causes of anion gap and non-anion gap metabolic acidosis are also reviewed.
Running late! ⏰ Will be there in a couple of minutes 🏃
My address is …
My email is …
My phone number is +91…
Good morning! 🙏🏻💐🌞
I'll call you back soon 🤙
Running late! ⏰ Will be there in a couple of minutes 🏃
Running late! ⏰ Will be there in a couple of minutes 🏃
My address is …
My email is …
Running late! ⏰ Will be there in a couple of minutes 🏃
I'll call you back soon 🤙
Good morning! 🙏🏻💐🌞
Running late! ⏰ Will be there in a couple of minutes 🏃
My address is …
My email is …
My address is …
I'll call you back soon 🤙
I'll call you back soon 🤙
This document summarizes several bacterial and fungal pathogens that can cause wound infections. Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause and produces virulence factors like coagulase and protein A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly causes nosocomial infections through drug resistance. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus through tetanospasmin toxin. Treatment involves vaccination, antitoxin, and antibiotics depending on the pathogen.
Personal grooming involves maintaining a clean, pleasant, and attractive appearance through practices like keeping hair clean and styled, nails trimmed, skin and teeth clean, and wearing appropriate dress including makeup depending on one's field. Proper grooming promotes positive perceptions of professionalism, sophistication, intelligence, credibility, reliability, and respect. It also involves interpersonal communication skills like eye contact, posture, gestures, facial expressions, voice, language, dress, humor, and being authentic. Soft skills refer to personality traits, social graces, communication abilities, and other personal attributes that facilitate relationships and interactions with other people. They include both self-motivation skills and interaction skills important for career success.
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
2. Styles, Slang & Jargon
• Styles or Registers: varieties of language that
are specific to a particular situation
• Formal or informal
– Are you going to take Linguistics 20?
– Gonna take Ling 20?
• We all have control over different styles
• Other languages have more elaborate codes
of style usage
– Thai: dæk, kin, thaan, raprathan, chan
3. Styles or Registers
• Can you think of other examples of how you
might say the same thing in two different
ways, depending on the situation (i.e., when,
where, to whom) in which you were speaking?
4. Styles, Slang & Jargon
• Slang: informal, nonstandard vocabulary, usually intelligible only to
people from a particular region or social group.
• Function: to mark social identity
• Subject to rapid change
– Old words, new combos: Spaced out, right on, hangup, rip-off
– New words: Barf, flub, pooped
– Shortened forms: dis, narc, fan
– Old words, new meanings: grass, pot, pig, rap, stoned, slit
• Slang can become standard
– tv
– Fan
– Phone
– mob
– Etc.
5. Slang
• Can you think of examples of slang that you’ve
heard recently that you didn’t understand?
• Can you think of examples of slang that may
be different in other parts of the country or in
other social groups?
6. Styles, Slang & Jargon
• Jargon or Argot: a set of words unique to a particular
science, profession, trade or occupation
• Linguistic Jargon:
– phoneme, morpheme, case, lexicon, phrase structure rule,
etc.
• Computer Jargon:
– Modem (modulator + demodulator)
– Bit (binary + digit)
– ROM (Read-only memory
– TAM (Random-access memory)
– Morf (male or female)
7. Jargon or Argot
• What is some of the jargon of your major field
of study?
• Can you think of jargon related to other
aspects of your life, i.e., you job, your hobby,
etc.?
8. Denotations & Connotations
• Denotation: that which a word refers to.
• Connotation: the affect that use of the word
‘conjures up’
– Terrorist vs. Freedom fighter
– Aggressive vs. Pushy
– Closemouthed vs. Secretive
– Ballsy women’s libber vs. Courageous women’s advocate
9. Taboo Words
• Sex is a four letter word.
• Certain words are taboo – they are not to be
used, or at least, not in ‘polite company.’
• In English, words borrowed from Latin sound
‘scientific’ and therefore appear to be technical
ad ‘clean,’ where as native Anglo-Saxon
counterparts are taboo.
• A reflection of the opinion that vocabulary used
by the upper classes is superior to that used by
the lower classes.
– Norman Conquest of 1066
10. ‘Taboo’ vs. ‘Clean’ Words
• Anglo-Saxon taboo words:
– Shit
– Tits
– Prick
– Cock
– Cunt
– Fuck
– Balls
– Etc.
• Latinate acceptable words:
– Feces
– Breasts
– Penis
– Penis
– Vagina
– Intercourse
– Testicles
– Etc.
11. Racial, National, Religious, Gender,
Sexual Orientation Epithets
• The use of epithets for people of different
religions, nationalities, race, gender or sexual
orientation tells us something about the users of
these words.
– E.g., boy, slant, bitch, fag, Buddha-head, to gyp
• The use of epithets perpetuates stereotypes,
separates people from one another and reflects
racism, sexism, homophobia.
– Have you ever had any experience with epithets? If
so, what was the reaction?
12. Euphemisms
• A word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or
serves to avoid frightening or unpleasant
subjects:
‘unpleasant’ word euphemism
die pass (on/away)
mortician funeral director
urinate / defecate go to the powder
room
13. Conclusions
• The discussion of taboo words and
euphemisms shows that words of a language
are not intrinsically good or bad, but reflect
individual or societal values.
14. Language and Gender
• 1970s Riddle
• Reflection of stereotyped gender roles
– ‘My cousin the doctor / professor / engineer / airline
pilot’ vs.
– ‘My cousin the nurse / elementary teacher /
secretary / typist’
– ‘My neighbor is blonde.’
– ‘Pioneers and Their Wives’
15. Language and Gender –
Pejorative Terms
• How many words can you think of for
men?
• How many for women?
–Among those the book identifies are:
Dish, tomato, piece, chick, piece of tail,
bunny, bitch, doll, slut, cow, etc.
• Why are there so many more for
women?
16. Language and Gender –
Marked and Unmarked Forms
• One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and
female terms in many languages is that when there are
male/female pairs, the male form is unmarked and the
female term is created by adding a suffix to it:
– Prince / princess
– Count / countess
– Actor / actress
– Host / hostess
– Hero / heroine
– Etc.
• Is this true in the languages you know?
17. Language and Gender –
Generic ‘He’
• The unmarked, or male terms used to serve as general
terms:
– ‘All men are created equal’
– ‘The brotherhood of man’
– ‘Everyone must pick up for himself.’
• In the past generation, this area of language has changed
quite a bit:
– Mankind > people, manpower > personnel, mothering >
nurturing, to man > to operate, mailman > postal worker, fireman
> firefighter, etc.
– ‘Everyone must pick up for themselves.’
• Is this happening in other languages that you know?
18. Language and Gender - Dialects
• In many languages, there are separate forms that
are distinctive of male or female use:
– Thai
– Japanese
– Other languages you know?
• In English
– Lovely, cute, darling, adorable, marvelous, etc.
– Can you think of other ‘gender marked’ features of
English?
19. How we are socialized into gender
roles since early on – and it’s effect
on the language we use.
Deborah Tannen
Department of Linguistics
Georgetown University
20. Conclusions
• Linguistic (dialect) differences do not represent deficits or
deficiencies in our thinking.
• To command a wide range of language varieties allows us
to function in a wide variety of setting with a range of
other participants.
• At the same time, our use of language is the single most
powerful indicator of who we are:
– Our regional origins
– Our social class
– Our educational level
– Our values and beliefs
– The clarity of our own thinking