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1. 4/20/2012
1
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Dr. Michaël Hurtgen and
Pr. Jean-Claude Maun
3ODQ
„ Description of PMUs and synchrophasor
standards
„ PMU applications
„ Applications for the Belgian electrical network

2. 4/20/2012
2
3ODQ
„ Description of PMUs and synchrophasor
standards
„ PMU applications
„ Applications for the Belgian electrical network
308 ² 3KDVRU 0HDVXUHPHQW 8QLW
„ Definition: Electronic device which provides
synchronized phasor measurements of the
high voltage electrical network
Producers : ABB, Arbiter, Siemens, SEL
Applications
„ On-line applications
„ Off-line applications

3. 4/20/2012
3
308
Analog measurements-
Phasor measurements
Synchronization
„ Geostationary Satellites
(GPS, Gallileo, GEOS,
Glasnoss)
„ Local synchronization
(IRIG-B, Standard IEEE
1588 for Ethernet
network)
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„ Sampling frequency
(2-4 kHz)
„ Window for calculating
phasor at one time
(middle of the window)
„ Interoperability of
PMUs

4. 4/20/2012
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„ Message format to
one/many PMUs: data,
configuration, header,
command
„ Serial communication
(RS-232), Network
communication (IP)
„ UTC Time stamp:
Infrastructure
„ PMU/PDC
„ Communication
network and latency
(Fibre optic, Microwave
link, PLC, telephone
line, satellite)
BASETIME
FRACSEC
SOCTime
_
+=
308 HUURUV
„ Magnitude
„ Angle
„ Time synchronization
„ TVE=
„ TVE1% (C37.118 Standard)
„ Limitations of C37.118 – voltage frequency is
constant.
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5. 4/20/2012
5
3ODQ
„ Description of PMUs and synchrophasor
standards
„ PMU applications
„ Applications for the Belgian electrical network
308 DSSOLFDWLRQV
„ Real-time Monitoring
‰ Visualization
‰ Congestion management
‰ State estimation
‰ Voltage stability
‰ Islanding detection (LV/MV Application)
‰ Protection
‰ Power system restoration
‰ Power system oscillation monitoring
‰ Model validation
„ Post-disturbance analysis
‰ Model validation

6. 4/20/2012
6
9LVXDOLVDWLRQ ² (35, 79$ 9LUJLQLD 7HFK
3 modules
„ Server of
synchrophasor
measurements
„ Applications server
„ Web server
„ Applications: voltage,
phase,frequency,
phase difference
9LVXDOLVDWLRQ 57'06 (3* (576
„ Phase difference on
Path
„ Voltage module

7. 4/20/2012
7
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Objective: Maintain power flows within reliable transfer capabilities
Off-line method: Estimation of Nominal Transfer Capacity (NTC)
based on temperature, wind speed, heat from the sun
Real-time computation of NTC: 3 methods
„ Temperature monitoring - ABB (PMU) :
‰ Phasor measurement at each end of the line
‰ Computation of average temperature
„ CAT-1 - Monitoring of mechanical properties of transmission line
– determination of line sag.
„ Ampacimon – Analysis of vibrations and detection of
fundamental frequencies of line.
6WDWH HVWLPDWLRQ
Objective: Estimation of state variables of the
electrical network

8. 4/20/2012
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308 PHDVXUHPHQWV
„ Measurement Accuracy
„ Synchronization
„ Linearity of the problem : Reduced
Computation time
9ROWDJH VWDELOLW
Monitoring of a transmission corridor by placing 1 PMU at each end
Problem:
„ Non-realistic hypothesis
„ Transmission corridors are scarce
„ Generators are essential for power transmission
Advanced application of voltage stability of a network with many
generators
„ Evaluation of voltage stability index at each network node(VSI)

9. 4/20/2012
9
3RZHU 6VWHP 3URWHFWLRQ
„ Back-up protection relays
‰ Objective: Avoid an inappropriate trip of a distance
relay due to a power system disturbance and not a
three-phase fault (load encroachment).
‰ Solution: Place PMUs at buses which are to be
backed-up by the relay and which determine if they
see a three-phase fault.
„ Adaptive out-of-step protection
‰ Use real-time measurements to update relay settings
instead of using precalculated settings
3RZHU 6VWHP 5HVWRUDWLRQ
„ Objective: restoration after complete or partial
blackout.
„ Problem: tripping of frequency protections
due to large steps of generators’ loading.
„ Solution: More effective frequency control
during Power System Restoration using
WAMS (Phase angle measurements).

10. 4/20/2012
10
3RZHU VVWHP RVFLOODWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ
„ Phenomenon: oscillations of generator rotors
with respect to each other
„ Determine dominant oscillation modes from
synchronized PMU measurements near
generators
‰ Mode shape diagram
‰ Compass plot
„ Objective: ensure damping of oscillations
(TWENTIES project)
0RGHO 9DOLGDWLRQ
„ Objective: Validation of large-scale power
system by fine-tuning of model parameters
„ Necessity of using sychronized
measurements (WAMS)
„ Example: Use of measurements during a
power system disturbance and analysis of
synchronized phasor measurements and
simulation results (Brazil, 2009)

11. 4/20/2012
11
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*HQHUDWLRQ '*

12. „ Passive methods
‰ Advantage: quick detection of islanding without introducing
a perturbation.
‰ Disadvantage: Detection only if there is a big difference
between load and generation.
„ Active methods
‰ Advantage: Islanding detection even if generation and
load are close.
‰ Disadvantage: detection is slow.
„ Global methods
‰ More adapted to a dynamic network as in smart
grids.
,VODQGLQJ GHWHFWLRQ RI 'HFHQWUDOLVHG
*HQHUDWLRQ '*

13. Use of PMUs allows quick
detection of islanding and
disconnection from the
grid.
Standard IEEE 1547 for
interconnection of
renewable sources: when
a system is islanded, the
source must be
disconnected within 2
seconds.
Obstacle: Available PMUs
are designed for use on
transmission network

14. 4/20/2012
12
308 DSSOLFDWLRQV
„ Real-time Monitoring
‰ Visualization
‰ Congestion management
‰ State estimation
‰ Voltage stability
‰ Islanding detection (LV/MV Application)
‰ Protection
‰ Power system oscillation monitoring
‰ Restoration after blackout
‰ Model validation
„ Post-disturbance analysis
‰ Fault analysis
)DXOW DQDOVLV
„ Objective: reconstruction of sequence of
events after a power system disturbance has
occurred
„ Problem: measurements are not
synchronized
„ Solution: Use PMU measurements
„ Study showed analysis of 2003 USA blackout
would have been quicker if synchronized
phasor measurements had been used

15. 4/20/2012
13
([LVWLQJ LQVWDOODWLRQV
„ USA: visualization, real-time monitoring,
protection (NASPI)
„ China: visualization, real-time monitoring
„ Russia: real-time monitoring (ICOEUR)
„ Europe (Switzerland, Scandinavia, Italy,
Croatia): real-time monitoring, visualization
(TWENTIES, PEGASE, ICOEUR)
„ Brazil: real-time monitoring, model validation
„ India: study stage
(8 5HVHDUFK SURMHFWV LQYROYLQJ 308V
„ PEGASE
„ ICOEUR
„ TWENTIES

16. 4/20/2012
14
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„ Development of computer programs and methods
for monitoring, simulation and analysis of the
European Transmission Network (ETN).
„ Participants: Universities, research centers in power
system analysis and applied mathematics,
Transmission System Operators (TSO).
„ Integration of WAMS and synchrophasor technology
in the state estimation process.
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RI 2SHUDWLRQ DQG (PHUJHQF RQWURO RI (8 DQG
5XVVLDQ 3RZHU *ULGV
„ Definition of technological framework
„ Selection of transmission technologies
„ Monitoring of european and russian
networks, integration of synchrophasor
technology
„ Development of efficient protection methods

17. 4/20/2012
15
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RVFLOODWLRQV
Participation of ULB
„ PMU placed near
generators
„ Detection of interzonal
oscillations thanks to phase
measurement
Objectives
„ Ensure integration of wind
power in european electrical
network
„ Investigation of new
technologies for integration
of wind power
3ODQ
„ Description of PMUs and synchrophasor
standards
„ PMU applications
„ Applications for the Belgian electrical network

18. 4/20/2012
16
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19. „ Identification of applications for which current
technology is not optimal and can be improved by
using PMUs
„ Precise analysis of aspects which could be
improved using PMUs
„ Identify companies which could benefit from these
applications
„ Establish roadmap for PMU deployment
„ Financial analysis (expenses/benefits)
%HQHILWV RI XVLQJ 308V
Tangible benefits
„ Better utilization of
network capacity
„ More efficient use of
manpower
Intangible benefits
„ Lower cost for
investigation of
blackout causes
„ Lower cost for the
blackstart
• Better security, reliability and efficiency on the
network

20. 4/20/2012
17
5RDGPDS IRU 308 DSSOLFDWLRQV
Urgent applications:
-Critical
-Necessary
-Low Deployment
Challenge
1. Angle/Frequency
Monitoring, Model
validation
2. Voltage stability,
Thermal Overload
monitoring, State
estimation, Power
system restoration,
post –mortem analysis
308 DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ %HOJLXP
State of the art
„ 1 PMU is installed at
the Breugel substation
(Brussels)
Projects
„ TWENTIES: Monitoring
of inter-area oscillations
„ PEGASE: State
estimator for ETN
Applications
„ Congestion
management
„ Control of DG
with islanding detection
„ Obtention of a dynamic
model of the belgian
electrical network

21. 4/20/2012
18
RQFOXVLRQ
„ Many potential applications and benefits of using
PMUs in electrical networks
„ Obstacles
‰ WAMS Infrastructure
‰ Lack of commercial computational tools to use the
information
‰ Training program must be introduced for operators
and engineers to learn to use the information
‰ Utilities are reluctant to use this technology until
prototypes are proven
„ Objective: Move beyond RD …
%LEOLRJUDSK
„ D. Novosel. Phasor measurement application study. Technical
report, KEMA, 2007
„ J. Ballance, B. Bhargava, and G.D. Rodriguez. Monitoring power
system dynamics using phasor measurement technology for power
system dynamic security assessment, Power Tech conference 2003
„ Hurtgen, M. State estimation using synchronized phasor mea-
surement units. PhD thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 2011
„ Genet, B. On monitoring methods and load modeling to im-
prove voltage stability assessment efficiency. PhD thesis, Uni-
versité Libre de Bruxelles, 2009.
„ Warichet, J. and Sezi, T. and Maun, J-C. Considerations about
synchrophasors measurement in dynamic system conditions,
International journal of electrical power and energy systems, 2009