2. Copyright 1990-2015 Piero Belforte Giancarlo Guaschino
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UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories
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8. Chapter 1
I n t r o d u c t i o n t o D W V
1.1 General Features
1.2 DWV Environment
1.3 Starting and Stopping DWV
1.4 Input File Format
1.4.1 Standard Graphic Format
1.4.2 Input Format for X/Y Plots
1.4.3 Expression Files
1.4.4 PWL Input Format
Chapter 1 1
9. 1.1 General Features
The graphic processor DWV has been designed to fully exploit the power of the
companion simulator DWS in a highly interactive environment.
In order to assure maximum opening toward further developments and portability
on today and future workstations, it has been developed utilizing the multivendor
standard release X11 of the X-Window System. This feature allows DWV users
to operate as well in a network-based simulation environment.
DWV has been developed simplifying as far as possible its use, through a user-
friendly interface giving the user at the same time powerful tools for signal
analysis and processing. Both keyboard and mouse operations are available
while multi-level pop-up menus are mouse selectable to send commands.
DWV can basically process a list of graphic files (each containing one or more
waveforms) obtained also from different sources including other simulator's
outputs or results of experimental measurements. This is a very important feature
because it allows the user to evaluate the effect of parameter changes during an
optimization loop or to compare actual measurements with simulations.
Waveform processing can be accomplished by means of the available set of
mathematical functions and/or by means of the same DWS simulator which can
operate a true digital signal processing on stored waveforms. The vectors, called
"expressions", created by means of mathematical functions are treated like the
other vectors of samples and the user can save them on file for further
utilizations.
Several graphic display formats are selectable. Multiple waveform displays can
be obtained in both overlapped and non-overlapped mode. In the latter case, each
waveform is automatically associated to a horizontal strip of the graphic window.
Multiple non-overlapped displays are very useful for relative waveform
comparison as required for timing analysis, when the number of displayed vectors
is large.
Chapter 1 2
10. Another display mode is obtainable by associating the horizontal x-axis to one of
the stored variables. In this way it is very easy to monitor the evolution of a
network transient in a v,i (voltage vs current) plane. This functioning mode is
particularly useful in the analysis of circuits showing oscillating or even chaotic
behaviors or to see the evolution of working points of circuits driving reactive
loads (e.g. digital buffers driving a backplane bus) in order to monitor if the
operation point stays in the safe area.
Like its companion simulator DWS, DWV is strongly oriented to advanced
digital electronics needs. For this reason it includes several features for signal
integrity evaluation, such as the eye-pattern display. By defining a bit time, one
or more waveforms can be overlapped on a time window corresponding to the bit
time. Eye-patterns are particularly useful in pointing out important features of the
digital signal such as eye opening, timing jitters and residual noise margins.
DWV can also calculate and display the worst-case eye-pattern related to
a single waveform edge coming from measurement or simulation. The bit-
sequence causing the maximum eye closure at a given frequency is determined
and can be stored for further use on the measure or simulation environment.
The MCS (Model Capture System) of DWV gives the user the capability of
interactive piecewise-linear fitting of a stored waveform. This feature is
extremely useful to model dynamic behaviors coming from actual measurements
or previous simulations because it is linked to the simulator by means of the file
containing the breakpoints in a DWS-compatible input syntax.
Chapter 1 3
11. 1.2 DWV Environment
Error: Reference source not
found
DWV operation requires some environment files located in the following
directories:
com,
cursors,
doc,
startup.
The com directory contains the UNIX shells printcolor and printbw used by
DWV to make hardcopies.Error: Reference source not found
The cursors directory contains the files defining the bitmaps of the shapes of
mouse cursor.Error: Reference source not found
The doc directory contains the DWV.help file which allows the user to display
the DWV user manual.Error: Reference source not found
The following files, containing several parameters which the user can set, are
located in the startup directory:Error: Reference source not found
DWVcolormap
DWVcomlas
DWVcomplot
DWVformat
DWVstartup
The DWVcolormap file contains hexadecimal numbers corresponding to the
colors utilized by DWV.Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference
source not found
Chapter 1 4
12. The DWVcomlas and DWVcomplot files contain the commands which have to
be executed to make a hardcopy with a laser printer and a plotter respectively (see
the plotexec command).Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference
source not foundError: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not
found
For example, the plotter command could be:
cat $1 > /dev/plotter
where /dev/plotter is the driver of the plotter and $1 is the name of the file
carrying the saved plot.
The DWVformat file contains two integer numbers in plotter units that specify
the maximum plotting ranges for x and y axes respectively. The two numbers
given as default (10900, 7650) refer to A4 format. For A3 plots, these values
must be modified in 16000 and 10900.Error: Reference source not foundError:
Reference source not found
The DWVstartup file contains other parameters which the user can set, as shown
in the next page for both SUN and HP platforms. These parameters are:
- the number of fonts used by DWV;
- the font identifiers (all the available fonts are described in the directory
/usr/openwin/lib/fonts on SUN or /usr/lib/X11/fonts on HP);
- the prompt in the command window;
- the shape of the cursor in the command window;
- the identifier of the font for the command window;
- the number of spaces assigned to tab;
- beep volume (from 0 to 100);
- the number of commands stored in history vector.
Chapter 1 5
13. ##############################################################
#
# DWV
# Digital Wave Viewer
#
# *** SETUP FILE ***
#
# font number
#
8
#
# font 0 for panning prompts "<" ">"
# fonts 1 2 3 4 5 for internal window text
# These fonts must be written in order of decreasing character dimension
# font 6 for display labels
# font 7 for menu
#
12x24
8x16 7x13 6x13 6x10 5x8
9x15
8x13bold
#
# terminal prompt
#
*>
#
# terminal cursor
#
_
#
# font identifier for terminal
#
1
#
# space number assigned to tab
#
8
#
# beep volume
#
100
#
# number of commands stored in history vector
#
20
Chapter 1 6
14. 1.3 Starting and Stopping DWV
Before starting, make sure to have a user-account set up to run DWV. To start
DWV, use the following steps:
1) Log on to the workstation and (if necessary) start up the X-Window system.
2) Create a window where operating system commands can be entered.
3) Move to the required project directory.
4) Enter the command:
DWV [-d hostname:displ_num.screen_num] [-m maskname [-s type_edit]]
where:
-d is an option which allows the user to address DWV on a display
different from the default screen.
hostname is the machine name (workstation or X-terminal) where the user
wishes to display DWV.
displ_num specifies the display server number of this machine (usually
displ_num is equal to 0).
screen_num specifies the screen to be used by the server (usually screen_num
is equal to 0).
-m -s are options used in PRESTO environment to create or edit signal
masks (see PRESTO USER'S MANUAL).
The DWV basic graphic screen appears.
The following steps explain how to end a DWV work session:
1) Move the mouse cursor to exit on the pop-up menu and press the right mouse
button. A confirmation message appears.
2) Type Y to exit.
Chapter 1 7
15. 1.4 Input File Format
1.4.1 Standard Graphic Format
These graphic files contain waveforms versus time (common waveforms are
voltages, currents, etc) in .g format. These files are usually created by the
simulator DWS or by DWV itself. In addition, the user can handle waveforms
captured from measurement instrumentation.
The files, coming from simulators or instruments, must have the following
structure:
FILE_NAME
NUMBER_OF_WAVEFORMS
NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES_PER_WAVEFORM
SAMPLING_TIMESTEP
<START_TIME>
WAVEFORM_NAME #1
LIST_OF_SAMPLES
WAVEFORM_NAME #N
LIST_OF_SAMPLES
<COMMENTS>
where:
FILE_NAME is the name of the file containing the waveform(s) to be displayed.
See Command Conventions for more details.
NUMBER_OF_WAVEFORMS is the number of waveforms included in the file
specified by FILE_NAME. NUMBER_OF_WAVEFORMS must be a nonzero
unsigned integer.
NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES is the number of samples of each waveform
included in the file specified by FILE_NAME. NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES must
be at least 2 and is the same for each waveform belonging to this file. Files with
Chapter 1 8
16. different values of NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES can be loaded simultaneously in
DWV.
SAMPLING_TIMESTEP is the time between two contiguous samples of the
same waveform expressed in seconds. Only fixed time steps are allowed.
SAMPLING_TIMESTEP applies to all waveforms included in a file. Files with
different SAMPLING_TIMESTEP can be loaded simultaneously in DWV.
Usually the time is assumed as independent variable and all waveforms are given
versus time.
START_TIME is the (optional) starting time of the sequence of samples
expressed in seconds and applies to each waveform included in the same file.
Files with different START_TIME can be loaded simultaneously in DWV. If not
specified START_TIME is assumed to be 0.
WAVEFORM_NAME is the name of the waveform. See Command
Conventions for more details.
LIST_OF_SAMPLES is the list of samples of the waveform specified by
WAVEFORM_NAME. Each sample is given in exponential notation. More than
one sample is allowed on the same line. The number of samples must match the
number specified in NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES, otherwise an error message is
issued when the file is loaded.
COMMENTS are allowed in DWV file format after the last list of samples. Each
comment line must have an asterisk "*" as first character of the line. DWV will
ignore the contents of comment lines.
1.4.2 Input Format for X/Y
Plots
This input format allows the user to display waveforms versus another waveform
that is represented by the first vector in the file.
Chapter 1 9
17. The file syntax is equal to the standard graphic format (see 1.4.1) with the
exception of the parameter SAMPLING_TIMESTEP that is set to 0.0.
1.4.3 Expression Files
The "expression" files created by DWV through a dedicated command (see save
command) are identified by a character "$" as extension of the name specified by
the user during the saving procedure. These files contain samples of one
waveform as result of a mathematical operation previously performed on stored
waveforms.
The format of an "expression" file is the following:
EXPRESSION
NUMBER_OF_WAVEFORMS
NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES
SAMPLING_TIMESTEP
<START_TIME>
EXPRESSION_CODE
LIST_OF_SAMPLES
<COMMENTS>
Error: Reference source not found
where:
EXPRESSION is the complete expression name containing the mathematical
operations applied to the original samples.
NUMBER_OF_WAVEFORMS is the number of waveforms included in the file
(in this case it is 1).
NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES is the number of samples of the waveform included
in the file. NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES must be at least 2.
Chapter 1 10
18. SAMPLING_TIMESTEP is the time between two contiguous samples of the
waveform expressed in seconds. Only fixed time steps are allowed. Expression
files with different SAMPLING_TIMESTEP can be loaded simultaneously in
DWV.
START_TIME is the (optional) starting time of the sequence of samples
expressed in seconds. If not specified it is assumed to be 0.
EXPRESSION_CODE is a mnemonic code used to identify the waveform (see
Command Conventions).
LIST_OF_SAMPLES is the list of samples of the expression. Each sample is
given in exponential notation. More than one sample is allowed on the same line.
The number of samples must match the number specified in
NUMBER_OF_SAMPLES, otherwise an error message is issued when the file is
loaded.
COMMENTS are allowed in expression file format after the list of samples.
Each comment line must have an asterisk "*" as first character of the line. DWV
will ignore the contents of comment lines.
The previous elements must respect the same order and must be separated by
BLANK, TAB or NEWLINE characters. Fig.1.4.3.1 shows an example of a
standard graphic file and Fig.1.4.3.2 shows an example of "expression" file.
The DWV file format is DWS-compatible and is used in particular to describe the
behavior of independent sources, the dynamic transfer function of controlled
elements and scattering-parameter elements.
Chapter 1 11
19. Fig.1.4.3.1 - Example of standard graphic file.
Fig.1.4.3.2 - Example of "expression" file
1.4.4 PWL Input Format
The PWL input format is created using pwlsave command and contains the (x y)
coordinates of the breakpoints extracted using the commands pwlonwave or
pwlongrid.
The format of a PWL file is the following:
COMMENT
COMMENT
<COMMENT>
BREAKPOINT_LIST
where:
Chapter 1 12
20. COMMENT is a line in which the character "*" is in first column.
The first line COMMENT contains the following information: graphic file name
and PWL-fitted waveform name, number of breakpoints, type of approximation
(0 -> PWLONWAVE or 1-> PWLONGRID), abscissa of the first breakpoint.
The second line COMMENT contains the maximum value and the minimum
value of the graphic window in which the PWL-fitted waveform was displayed.
Additional comment lines can follow, if the PWL-fitted waveform has the
independent variable different from time.
BREAKPOINT_LIST contains the coordinates of each breakpoint enclosed
between the " PWL( " keyword and ")". Each breakpoint abscissa is given with
reference to the abscissa of the first breakpoint.
Fig. 1.4.4.1 shows an example of PWL file.
* Y_vector= demo.g:V(2) points:8 extr_type:1 init_time:2.00ns 08/06/94 10:43
* lm:0.0000e+00 rm:1.8000e-07 bm:1.0000e-03 tm:5.1000e-03
PWL (0.00ns 1.20mV 2.00ns 3.20mV 4.00ns 4.60mV 6.00ns 5.00mV
+ 12.00ns 5.00mV 32.00ns 5.00mV 86.00ns 5.00mV 140.00ns 5.00mV)
Fig.1.4.4.1 Example of PWL input format.
The DWV PWL file format is DWS-compatible and is used in particular to
describe the behavior of independent sources, the static and dynamic transfer
functions of controlled elements and scattering-parameter elements.
Chapter 1 13
22. User Interface DWV
Chapter 2
U s e r I n t e r f a c e
2.1 Basic Graphic Presentation
2.2 Commands Input
2.3 Graphic Mode Selections
2.4 Display Lists
2.5 System Windows
2.6 Commands Conventions
Chapter 2 15
23. User Interface DWV
2.1 Basic Graphic Presentation
The graphic screen of Fig.2.1.1 appears upon invoked the command DWV from a
window where operating system commands can be entered.
Fig.2.1.1 - DWV basic graphic screen.
It is possible to identify three areas on it:
- Graphic window. This area is used to display waveforms and the system
windows. The DWV pop-up menu is active in this area. Commands are
selectable by positioning the graphic cursor of the mouse in the pop-up menu
and pressing once the left mouse button.Error: Reference source not found
- Command window. On the bottom left of the graphic window there is the user
command window that allows the input of DWV commands through the
keyboard. Moreover, the system uses this frame to display messages.
Error: Reference source not found
Chapter 2 16
24. User Interface DWV
- On the bottom right of the graphic window there are some slot-windows used to
monitor data about the waveform limits (LM: left margin, RM: right margin,
BM: bottom margin, TM: top margin) and the marker position (only in eval or
pwlextract mode). In this area there is also a status flag that informs about the
current status and two arrows for panning operations.Error: Reference source
not found
2.2 Commands Input
User commands are issued either using the keyboard or choosing a selection
directly from the pop-up menu with the mouse. The system windows are
automatically activated by DWV to help the selection of the parameters, if
needed.
- Keyboard
The command interpreter of DWV has been developed using the lexical
analyzer generator LEX and the syntactic analyzer generator YACC (both
UNIX utilities). The interpreter is always in active status so, anyway the
command is introduced, it is analyzed and, if correct, it is executed (the
interpreter is not case sensitive).
DWV can accept mathematical expressions created with the four elementary
algebraical operations or other mathematical operators, like sin, cos, tan, ln, log,
sqr, sqrt, exp, abs and avg (average of a vector of samples). These functions
support vectors or real numbers as parameters (a real number is always declared
as a double precision constant in DWV). If the result of the expression is still a
vector, it is stored in memory using the default internal data structure and it is
available for any other operation through an identification label, as well as any
other waveform loaded from files. The label is composed by a character meaning
the type of waveform (voltage, current, etc.) and an unsigned integer
(automatically incremented by the interface). The character "$" completes the
code.
For example, the command:
plot I(TINT,10) * V(10)
Chapter 2 17
25. User Interface DWV
creates a new vector of samples Pk$ which is the kth new vector generated
during the current work session.
The mathematical functions are accepted only within one of the commands: plot,
mplot, eyed and meyed.
A history function is available and stores the last command in a vector. The
default length of the vector is 20 commands, but the user can set this parameter
by modifying its value in the DWVstartup file. It is possible to recall commands
from the history record with the UP and DOWN keys on keyboard. The
command is printed on the user command window and it is possible to execute it
pressing the RETURN key on keyboard or the right button of the mouse. If the
scanning operation goes ahead until the first command stored, the line in the user
command window is deleted and a beep occurs, signaling the end of the history
record.
- Mouse
The pop-up menu is activated positioning the graphic cursor inside the graphic
window and pressing the left button of the mouse. The first level of the pop-up
menu shows the main selections. Stars on the left and right of the labels mean that
secondary menus are available for further selections.
The selections with secondary menus (a_selections) are:
Error: Reference source not found
- FILES
- DISPLAY
- AXES
- HARDCOPY
- UTILITY
- MCS
- INFO
The selections without secondary menu (b_selections) are:Error: Reference
source not found
- HELP
- EXIT
Chapter 2 18
26. User Interface DWV
To activate a command from pop-up menu, move the graphic cursor in the related
label frame of the main_menu (the associated label will be highlighted in reverse
mode) and press the left button of the mouse.
For b_selections, the associated command is displayed on the user command
window and, if no other parameters are needed, it is executed.
For a_selections, a new secondary menu is shown. If the secondary menu has
other a_selections, it is necessary to repeat the above procedure until the
command is achieved.
The next three pages summarize the available selection tree.Error: Reference
source not found
Chapter 2 19
27. User Interface DWV
MENU SELECTIONS
FILES........... LOAD
UNLOAD
SAVE
LIST
VIEWFILE
EDITFILE
SHOWGFILE
SETGFILE
DISPLAY...... MPLOTALL
PLOTALL
SCANPLOT
MPLOT....... MPLOT
MPLOT BYNET
PLOT........... PLOT
PLOT BYNET
EYE-DIAG... EYED
MEYED
MEYEDALL
LIMIT-EYE... LEYE
LEYEPLOT
LEYEMPLOT
LEYEINFO
LEYESAVE
LSEQSAVE
LEYEFREE
LEYELOAD
PLOTTYPE... NORMAL
COMB
SPECTRUM
ZOOM
PANNING
PANSTEP
Chapter 2 20
28. User Interface DWV
DISPLIST..... DISPLIST
DISPLIST BYNET
CANCEL....... CANCEL
CANCEL BYNET
CLEAR
AXES............ DEFAXES
XAXIS.......... TIME
VECTOR
XLIMIT
XSCALE...... LINEAR
LOG
YAXIS........... AUTO-YLIMIT
YLIMIT
GRID............. ON................ AUTO-SPACING
XOFFSET
YOFFSET
XDELTA
YDELTA
OFF
HARDCOPY..... PLOTSAVE...PLOTTER
LASER
PLOTEXEC...PLOTTER
LASER
COLOR
BLACK/WHITE
FILE
PRINT STP... COLOR
BLACK/WHITE
UTILITY....... LSDIR -T
LSDIR
EVAL
FFT.............. LINEAR
DB
Chapter 2 21
29. User Interface DWV
TITLE ...................... ON
OFF
LABEL
BACKGROUND..... BLACK
WHITE
MASK ..................... MASKGEN
MASKEDIT............. RISE_UPPER
RISE_LOWER
FALL_UPPER
FALL_LOWER
MCS.............. PWLEXTRACT....... PWLONWAVE
PWLONGRID
PWLEDIT
PWLIST
PWLSAVE
PWLFREE
PWLOAD
HELP
EXIT
INFO
Chapter 2 22
30. User Interface DWV
2.3 Graphic Mode Selections
DWV has 6 different plotting modes:
Error: Reference source not found
- plot mode
- multiplot mode
- eye-diagram mode
- multieye-diagram mode
- leyeplot mode
- leyemplot mode
A detailed description of each of them is presented in this section.
- plot mode.
The plot mode is activated by the commands plot and plotall which display
overlapped the vectors of samples specified as parameters (Fig.2.3.1).
Fig.2.3.1 - Example of plot mode display.
Chapter 2 23
31. User Interface DWV
The grid is automatically set. However, dedicated commands allow the user to
redefine grid and ranges of the scale.
In plot mode all the functions are enabled: panning, zoom on y-axis and Piece-
Wise-Linear (PWL) fitting of waveforms are only available in plot mode.
This plotting mode is useful for visual comparison between two or more
waveforms and for PWL fitting during the creation of models.
- multiplot mode.
This plotting mode is activated by the commands mplot and mplotall which
display the vectors of samples specified as parameters. Waveforms are displayed
individually, each of them in a horizontal strip of the graphic window. The x-axis
is common for all the waveforms displayed but each trace has a customized y-
axis with a scale which is automatically set in order to contain each waveform in
its horizontal strip (Fig.2.3.2). However, dedicated commands allow the user to
redefine grid and ranges of the scale.
Fig.2.3.2 - Example of multiplot mode display.
The number of waveforms only depends on graphic resolution of the display.
Typically up to 100 waveforms can be displayed with 1024x768 pixel monitors.
Chapter 2 24
32. User Interface DWV
In multiplot mode the following functions are not available: panning,
zoom on y-axis and PWL fitting of waveforms. This graphic mode is useful to
display several waveforms simultaneously for timing analysis or when two or
more waveforms show very different ranges of values along y-axis.
- eye-diagram mode.
This graphic mode is activated with the command eyed which displays
overlapped the eye-diagrams of the vectors specified as parameters (Fig.2.3.3).
In this mode the functions eval, panning, xaxis, xlimit, zoom, and PWL fitting
are not enabled.
This waveform display mode, originally introduced for analysis of transmission
systems, is very useful to analyze digital signals and point out signal integrity
margins. In fact, it allows the user to check the waveforms about noise margins,
timing, jitters, etc.
Fig.2.3.3 - Example of eye-diagram mode display.
- multieye-diagram mode.
Similarly to the previous section, this graphic mode is activated by the commands
meyed and meyedall which display the eye-diagrams of the vectors specified as
Chapter 2 25
33. User Interface DWV
parameters each one in a separate horizontal strip of the graphic window. Each
trace has a customized y-axis with a scale automatically set in order to contain
each waveform in its horizontal strip (Fig.2.3.4). However, dedicated commands
allow the user to redefine grid and ranges of the scale.
Functionality and limitation are similar to the eye-diagram mode.
Fig.2.3.4 - Example of multieye-diagram mode display.
- leye-plot mode.
The leye-plot mode is activated by the command leyeplot. All the limit eye-
diagrams specified as parameters are displayed in overlapped mode, as described
in the section dedicated to the plot mode. Fig.2.3.5 shows an example of leye-plot
mode.
A limit eye-diagram shows the internal and external envelopes of the eye-
diagram generated by the worst-case sequence of bits applied to the system. A
worst-case sequence is the sequence determining the maximum closure of the
eye. DWV calculates the limit eye-diagram starting from a single (rising or
falling) signal edge (leye command). The user can also store the worst-case
sequence on disk.
In the leye-plot mode the following functions are disabled: panning, xaxis,
xlimit, zoom and PWL fitting.
Chapter 2 26
34. User Interface DWV
Fig.2.3.5 - Example of leye-plot mode display.
- leye-mplot mode.
The leye-mplot mode is activated by the commands leye and leyemplot. All the
limit eye-diagrams specified as parameters are displayed individually (Fig.2.3.6)
each one in a horizontal strip of the graphic window. The functions disabled are
the same of the leye-plot mode.
Each waveform is displayed with its own color for identification purposes; the
same color is used to display the waveform name on the upper right corner of the
graphic window in plot, eye-diagram and leye-plot modes.
Chapter 2 27
35. User Interface DWV
Fig.2.3.6 - Example of leye-mplot mode display
2.4 Display Lists
Each one of the previous shown display modes uses an independent waveform
list. In fact, each of the commands seen before updates its own table of data. The
waveforms specified as parameters remain in the list until unloaded using the
clear or cancel commands. For example, the following commands sequence:
mplot V(10) V(30)
plot V(20)
mplot P(TINT,10)
eyed 0.0 200 I(TINT,10)
displays the waveforms V(10) and V(30) in multiplot mode, then V(20) in plot
mode, then V(10) V(30) P(TINT,10) in multiplot mode again and, at the end, the
eye-diagram of I(TINT,10).
Chapter 2 28
36. User Interface DWV
2.5 System Windows
DWV has five different system windows:
Error: Reference source not found
- list window
- displist window
- pwlist window
- leyeinfo window
- lsdir window
These windows can be directly activated either with specific commands or using
commands selected within the pop-up menu. This last procedure is often used to
facilitate the selection of the command parameters.
The list window shows the graphic files currently loaded into the memory. The
displist window lists the waveforms currently displayed on the screen and the
pwlist window lists the waveforms that have been used for PWL extractions. The
leyeinfo window gives the user information concerning the limit eye-diagrams
generated with the command leye. The lsdir window lists the contents of the
working directory. Fig.2.5.1 shows how the system windows look on the graphic
window.
For more details concerning the information displayed in the system windows,
please refer to the related commands. In the following it is shown how to manage
a system window from a general point of view.
Each window has several fields:
Error: Reference source not found
- the data field uses the major amount of the window space and it is used to
display the requested data.
- The closing field is a red square placed on the upper right corner of the window.
Pressing the left button of the mouse on this field causes the closure of the
window.
- The data displayed are organized in pages and the fields pageup and pagedown
control the scroll of the pages.
Once the window is displayed, it is activated by placing the graphic cursor of the
mouse inside its frame. When the cursor is placed within the window, the color of
window boundaries and of the graphic cursor will change until the cursor will be
held inside the window.
Chapter 2 29
37. User Interface DWV
Fig.2.5.1 - DWV system windows.
In the system windows the information is displayed in pages and it is possible to
scroll the pages by positioning the graphic cursor in the scrolling fields and
pressing the left button of the mouse. The selected field is displayed in reverse
mode when the graphic cursor is within the selected frame.
It is possible to select some fields of the information displayed on the windows,
by pointing at the information needed (the correspondent field will be displayed
in reverse mode) and pressing the left button of the mouse. This procedure copies
the selected information from the system window to the command window and
makes it available to the command interpreter, once the keyboard <ENTER> or
<RETURN> is pressed.
A window is disactivated by moving the mouse out of it. When this happens the
color of the window boundaries becomes that of a disactivated window.
In order to cancel one of the system windows from the screen it is sufficient to
point at the red square placed in the upper right corner and press the left button of
the mouse (the execution of some commands, like plot, mplot, etc., causes the
automatic closure on the related system windows).
Chapter 2 30
38. User Interface DWV
2.6 Commands Conventions
This section lists some conventions used in the following of the manual.
- id a letter followed by any combination of letters, digits or the special
character ".".
E.g. bus6, a0file
- num unsigned integer number.
E.g. 4
- real real number.
E.g. 10., 10.3, -4.5
- var character coding the waveform type. The following types are
available (DWS syntax):
A incident voltage wave,
B reflected voltage wave,
I current,
G ratio between reflected and incident waves,
P instantaneous power,
Q incident instantaneous power,
R reflected instantaneous power,
V voltage,
Y port reference admittance,
Z port reference impedance.
- wf waveform name with the following DWS syntax:
var([id,]num) or var(num,num)
where id is an element name of the network and num is a node
identifier.
E.g. V(10), I(TINT,30), V(10,20)
- expr expression with the syntax:
var-num-$
E.g. P1$
Chapter 2 31
39. User Interface DWV
- name name of a generic vector not included in the previous classes wf
and expr. The syntax is:
#-id or #-num-$.
The second case applies to the results of mathematical operations
which cannot be described as var types.
E.g. #2$.
- vector specifies a waveform, an expression or a generic name. In general,
ambiguities during the selection of waveforms can be avoided
through the specification of the file name that contains the
waveform. The character ":" is used to separate the two names (file
and vector).
The syntax is:
wf or expr or name.
E.g. plot.g:V(1), V(1), V2$, #3$
- pathname specifies a path using UNIX-like syntax. Wild-cards are not
allowed.
E.g. /pathname/file.g
- filename string composed by any combination of letters, digits or the
special characters ".", "_" and "$".
- opt command option that specifies a device.
E.g. -l for laser printer, -p for plotter.
Note: the character "-" used in the syntax definition of the parameters expr and
name means that no space has to separate the elements.
Chapter 2 32
40. Input-Output Functions DWV
Chapter 3
I n p u t - O u t p u t F u n c t i o n s
3.1 Load
3.2 Unload
3.3 Save
3.4 List
3.5 Viewfile
3.6 Editfile
3.7 Showgfile
3.8 Setgfile
Chapter 3 33
41. Input-Output Functions DWV
These commands can be typed directly from keyboard or by selecting them with
the mouse from the FILES secondary menu (Fig.3.1). They allow the user to
load, save and manage graphic files.
For some particular I/O functions, like commands related to limit eye-diagram
calculation or PWL extraction, please refer to the specific sections.
LOAD
UNLOAD
SAVE
LIST
VIEWFILE
EDITFILE
SHOWGFILE
SETGFILE
Fig.3.1 - FILES secondary menu.
3.1 LOAD
Syntax:
load pathname1 [pathname2 ... pathnamen]
Error: Reference source not found
This command loads the contents of selected graphic file(s) in memory. The file,
specified by pathname, can contain either waveforms coming from simulations or
measurements or an expression. During the loading, the file identifier is appended
in the list of the graphic files (see list command).
DWV can manage several graphic files and expressions at the same time. The last
file loaded becomes the "current" graphic file and all the defaults will refer to
it.Error: Reference source not found DWV recognizes the type of the file during
the loading by analyzing the file format (standard graphic file, X/Y graphic file,
expression file or PWL file). "Expression" files are characterized by the suffix
"$". Maximum file name length is 32 characters.
E.g.:
load test.dat <--- file containing a simulation
load test.dat$ <--- file containing an expression
Chapter 3 34
42. Input-Output Functions DWV
3.2 UNLOAD
Syntax:
unload [filename]
unload [expr]
unload removes the contents of a graphic file or of an expression from the
memory. The identifiers of all the vectors included in the file are also deleted
from the display list. If the unload command is selected without parameters, the
current graphic file is unloaded.Error: Reference source not found
The unloading of the current graphic file causes the printing of a warning
message and the file in the first position of the list becomes the new current
graphic file.
3.3 SAVE
Syntax:
save vector filename
Error: Reference source not found
save creates a file, using the name specified by filename, which contains the
vector of samples specified by vector. The file created is an "expression" file and
the character "$" at the end of the file name is automatically provided.
3.4 LIST
Syntax:
list
Error: Reference source not found
This command displays in the system window list (Fig.3.4.1)Error: Reference
source not found some information related to the graphic files loaded in DWV
and to the expressions already calculated within the working session. If the
Chapter 3 35
43. Input-Output Functions DWV
command is activated when the list window is already present on the graphic
window, its contents are updated with the new information.
For standard graphic files related to simulations or measures, the following
information is displayed:
- name of the file,
- number of samples for each waveform,
- sampling time step,
- waveform names.
For expression files, the window displays:
- name of the file,
- number of samples,
- sampling time step,
- expression code,
- complete expression.
For the expressions not already stored in a file, the label "EXPRESSION"
replaces the name of the file. The waveform names and the expression codes are
fields that can be selected with the mouse. For the selection it is sufficient to
point at the field and to press the left button of the mouse. The string displayed in
the field will be automatically printed in the command window. If the selected
field is related to a waveform or expression stored in a file, the name of file is
automatically associated and the character ":" is included as separator.
Fig.3.4.1 - Example of list window.
Chapter 3 36
44. Input-Output Functions DWV
3.5 VIEWFILE
Syntax:
viewfile filename
Error: Reference source not found
viewfile opens a text window and invokes the vi UNIX text editor on the file
specified by filename. The file is open in "read-only" option, in order to avoid
any change in the original file. All vi-UNIX commands are available.
Type ":q" to close the view session.
3.6 EDITFILE
Syntax:
editfile filename
Error: Reference source not found
editfile opens a text window and invokes the vi UNIX text editor on the file
specified by filename. All vi-UNIX commands are available.
Type ":wq" to close the edit session by saving the last modifications or ":q" to
quit without saving the last modifications.
3.7 SHOWGFILE
Syntax:
showgfile
Error: Reference source not found
showgfile prints the name of the current graphic file on the command window.
Chapter 3 37
45. Input-Output Functions DWV
3.8 SETGFILE
Syntax:
setgfile filename
Error: Reference source not found
This command assigns to the file specified by filename the status of "current
graphic file". Upon selecting this command, all the functions will automatically
refer to this file.
setgfile is useful when many files are loaded in memory and the user wants to
refer to vectors without specifying everytime the file name for each of the
vectors.
For example, if the first file loaded has the name first.g and contains the
waveforms V(1) V(2) V(3) and the second file loaded has the name second.g, the
second.g file is automatically the current graphic file. Instead of the command:
mplot first.g:V(1) first.g:V(2) first.g:V(3)
it is possible to use the following sequence of commands:
setgfile first.g
mplot V(1) V(2) V(3)
Chapter 3 38
46. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Chapter 4
W a v e f o r m D i s p l a y C o m m a n d s
4.1 Mplotall
4.2 Plotall
4.3 Scanplot
4.4 Mplot
4.5 Plot
4.6 Eye-diag Secondary Menu
4.6.1 Eyed
4.6.2 Meyed
4.6.3 Meyedall
4.7 Limit-eye Secondary Menu
4.7.1 Leye
4.7.2 Leyeplot
4.7.3 Leyemplot
4.7.4 Leyeinfo
4.7.5 Leyesave
4.7.6 Lseqsave
4.7.7 Leyefree
Chapter 4 39
48. Waveform Display Commands DWV
These commands are available either directly from keyboard or through a
selection of the DISPLAY secondary menu. All the commands that are shown in
this section enable the user to display waveforms with several plotting modes
which do not change the value of the waveform samples. Some of the menu
entries contain secondary menus as shown in Fig.4.1.
MPLOTALL
PLOTALL
* MPLOT *
* PLOT *
* EYE-DIAG *
* LIMIT-EYE *
* PLOTTYPE *
ZOOM
SCANPLOT
PANNING
PANSTEP
* DISPLIST *
* CANCEL *
CLEAR
Fig.4.1 - DISPLAY secondary menu.
Chapter 4 41
49. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.1 MPLOTALL
Syntax:
mplotall [filename]
Error: Reference source not found
mplotall displays all the vectors contained in the current graphic file, each one in
a dedicated horizontal strip of the graphic window (Fig.4.1.1). If the optional
parameter filename is given, mplotall displays all the waveforms included in the
file specified by filename.
If other vectors are already displayed using multiplot mode, the new vectors are
added to them.
Fig.4.1.1 - Example of display obtained with the mplotall command.
4.2 PLOTALL
Chapter 4 42
50. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Syntax:
plotall [filename]
Error: Reference source not found
plotall displays all the vectors contained in the current graphic file in overlapped
mode. If the optional parameter filename is given, plotall displays all the
waveforms included in the file specified by filename.
If other vectors are already displayed using plot mode, the new vectors are added
to them.
4.3 SCANPLOT
Syntax:
scanplot [-s startnet | -f pathname] [-t scantime] filename
Error: Reference source not found
User Note:
This command can be only used inside PRESTO environment.
scanplot displays all the vectors contained in the file specified by filename, net by
net, in alphabetic order and in overlapped mode.
Additional parameters are:
startnet specifies the first net to be plotted. The previous nets (in alphabetic
order) are skipped.
pathname specifies the name of a file containing the list of nets to be
displayed during the scanplot command execution.
scantime specifies the visualization time (in seconds) for each net. If the -t
option is not specified, the default value is one second.
4.4 MPLOT
Chapter 4 43
51. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Syntax:
mplot [vector1 [vector2 ... [vectork]]]
mplot -n [netname1 [netname2 ... [netnamek]]]
User Note:
The option -n can be only used inside PRESTO environment.
mplot displays the vectors specified as parameters using multiplot mode, like the
mplotall command (Fig.4.4.1). The vectors can be results of simulations,
measurements acquired from instruments, expressions or PWL breakpoints. If
other vectors are already displayed using multiplot mode, the new vectors are
added to them. If no parameter is specified, the command mplot changes from the
current plotting mode to multiplot mode, displaying the screen generated with the
last mplot or mplotall command.
In PRESTO environment, mplot -n (MPLOT BYNET from pop-up menu) can be
used to plot all the vectors belonging to a net.
The parameter netname can be:
- the net name [filename.g:]net written in complete way or
- a string, composed by a part of the net name, followed by the character "*",
for example CLK*. In this case all the nets whose name begins with the string
CLK will be displayed.
Fig.4.4.1 - Example of display obtained with the mplot command.
The mplot command enables the interpreter of mathematical functions. This
means that the parameter specified in the syntax can be an expression containing
Chapter 4 44
52. Waveform Display Commands DWV
numerical constants, vectors and mathematical operators (see Syntax of the
Mathematical Expressions).
E.g.: mplot V(1) abs(V(10) + sqrt(34.5)) - avg(V(20))
The interpreter of mathematical expressions creates new vectors of samples. In
fact, upon the command is inserted, the expressions are calculated and, if the
result is still a vector, it is stored in memory and becomes available for further
operations as well as any other standard vector directly loaded in the program
from file. If the result of the expression is a number, the interpreter works like a
calculator and prints the result on the command window.
Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not foundError:
Reference source not found
4.5 PLOT
Syntax:
plot [vector1 [vector2 ... [vectork]]]
plot -n [netname1 [netname2 ... [netnamek]]]
Error: Reference source not found
User Note:
The option -n can be only used inside PRESTO environment.
plot displays the vectors specified as parameter in overlapped mode, using the
full graphic window (Fig.4.5.1). The vectors can be results of simulations,
measurements acquired from instruments, expressions or PWL breakpoints.
In PRESTO environment, plot -n (PLOT BYNET from pop-up menu) can be
used to plot all the vectors belonging to a net in overlapped mode.
The parameter netname can be:
- the net name [filename.g:]net written in complete way or
- a string, composed by a part of the net name, followed by the character "*", for
example CLK*. In this case all the nets whose name begins with the string CLK
will be displayed.
Chapter 4 45
53. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.5.1 - Example of display obtained with the plot command.
The waveforms displayed on the screen are plotted with different colors for
identification purposes. The same color is used to write the vector identifier on
the upper right corner of the graphic window.
If other vectors are already displayed in plot mode, the new vectors are added to
them. If no parameter is specified, the command plot changes from the current
plotting mode to the plot mode, displaying the screen generated with the last plot
or plotall statement.
plot enables the interpreter of mathematical expressions as well as shown in the
previous mplot section.
Chapter 4 46
54. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.6 EYE-DIAG Secondary Menu
Error: Reference source not found
This section contains all the commands that allow the user to enter the eye-
diagram or multieye-diagram plotting modes. Upon selecting the EYE-DIAG
command, the following secondary menu is displayed:
EYED
MEYED
MEYEDALL
All the commands related to these plotting modes are explained in the following.
4.6.1 EYED
Syntax:
eyed beg_time freq [vector1 [vector2 ... [vectorn]]]
Error: Reference source not found
eyed displays the eye-diagram of the vectors specified as parameters in
overlapped mode for a specified bit-rateError: Reference source not found
(freqError: Reference source not found) expressed in Mbit/s. The parameter
beg_time Error: Reference source not foundspecifies the time starting from which
the eye-diagram is displayed. All the samples related to times lower than
beg_time are not displayed. The parameter beg_time has to be given in the same
scale assigned to the x-range related to the last mplotall, plotall, mplot or plot
command.
For example, Fig.4.6.1.1 shows the graphic window obtained with the command
sequence:
mplot V(10) V(20) V(30)
eyed 100 50 V(10) V(30)
Chapter 4 47
55. Waveform Display Commands DWV
If no vector is specified, eyed refreshes the screen and displays the vectors
already specified and stored in the eyed list with the new starting time and bit-
rate. The interpreter of mathematical functions is active and all the considerations
done for the mplot command apply also in this context. Plotting waveforms in
eye-diagram mode is very useful for the verification of the behavior of digital
circuits about signal integrity. In fact, by superimposing the single bits (or clock
cycles) the user obtains a clear display of the time jitterError: Reference source
not found and of the noise margin reduction caused by ringing, crosstalk,
bouncing, delay skews, etc.
Fig.4.6.1.1a - Source waveforms for the eyed command.
Chapter 4 48
56. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.6.1.1b - Example of display obtained with the eyed command.
4.6.2 MEYED
Syntax:
meyed beg_time freq [vector1 [vector2 ... [vectorn]]]
Error: Reference source not found
meyed displays the eye-diagrams of the vectors specified as parameters for a
defined bit-rate (freq) expressed in Mbit/s. Each eye-diagram is plotted in a
dedicated horizontal strip of the graphic window. The parameter beg_time
specifies the time starting from which the eye-diagrams are displayed. All the
samples related to times lower than beg_time are not displayed. The parameter
beg_time has to be given in the same scale assigned to the x-range related to the
last mplotall, plotall, mplot or plot command.
Fig.4.6.2.1a - Source waveforms for the meyed command.
Chapter 4 49
57. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.6.2.1b - Example of display obtained with the meyed command.
For example, Fig.4.6.2.1 shows the graphic window obtained with the command
sequence:
mplot V(10) V(20) V(30)
meyed 100 50 V(10) V(30)
If no vectors are specified, meyed refreshes the screen and displays the vectors
already specified and stored in the meyed list with the new starting time
and bit-rate.
The interpreter of mathematical functions is active and all the considerations
done for the mplot command apply also in this context.
Chapter 4 50
58. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.6.3 MEYEDALL
Syntax:
meyedall beg_time freq
Error: Reference source not found
meyedall displays the eye-diagram of all the vectors contained in the current
graphic file for a specified bit-rate (freq) expressed in Mbit/s. Each eye-diagram
is plotted in a dedicated horizontal strip of the graphic window. The parameter
beg_time specifies the time starting from which the eye-diagrams are displayed.
All the samples related to times lower than beg_time are not displayed. The
parameter beg_time has to be given in the same scale assigned to the x-range
related to the last mplotall, plotall, mplot or plot command.
Chapter 4 51
59. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.7 LIMIT-EYE Secondary Menu
This section contains all the commands that allow the user to enter the limit eye-
diagram facilities and the related plotting modes. Upon selecting the command,
the following secondary menu is displayed:
LEYE
LEYEPLOT
LEYEMPLOT
LEYEINFO
LEYESAVE
LSEQSAVE
LEYEFREE
LEYELOAD
4.7.1 LEYE
Syntax:
leye [-oc] beg_time [-w fin_time] [-s swing] freq vector
Error: Reference source not found
Starting from a waveform related to a single rising or falling edge of a two level
signal (vector) generated by a linear circuit, the command leye evaluates:
- the limit eye-diagramError: Reference source not found of the selected signal, at
the bit-rate specified by the parameter freq, which shows the envelope of the
worst-case eye-diagram due to intersymbol interferenceError: Reference source
not found. The limit eye-diagram is constituted by both an internal shape,
including the inner upper and inner lower boundaries, and an external shape (-o
option), including the outer upper and outer lower boundaries (Fig.4.7.1.1);
- the bit sequences causing the inner envelope of the limit eye-diagram (test
sequences). These sequences can be used as test patterns for worst-case
Chapter 4 52
60. Waveform Display Commands DWV
simulations of the system. These sequences can also be used as worst-case test
patterns during the testing phase of the prototype.
Fig.4.7.1.1a - Source waveform for the leye command.
Chapter 4 53
61. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.7.1.1b - Example of display obtained with the leye command.
The options -oc have the following meaning:
-o The outer envelope (upper and lower) of the limit eye-diagram is also
evaluated.
-c The limit eye-diagram is calculated using a clock sequence (010101...).
The parameter beg_time is a real number specifying the sample (on x-axis) of the
rising or falling edge starting from which the limit eye-diagram has to be
evaluated. The optional parameter fin_timeError: Reference source not found is a
real number specifying the time of the last sample for which the limit eye-
diagram is calculated. The final time must be chosen in order to include the
whole edge transient. If it is omitted, DWV assumes the time of the last sample of
the waveform as final time. Both the parameters beg_time and fin_time have to
be given using the same scale of the x-axis assigned by the last plot, plotall,
mplot or mplotall command.
The worst-case sequencesError: Reference source not foundError: Reference
source not found of bits are calculated for each sample of the response used as
reference. If the time window between beg_time and fin_time is very large
compared to the bit time, very long sequences are generated as result. In reality,
some bit contributions to the closure of the eye are indeed negligible and could be
ignored. It is possible to filter the worst-case bit sequences by avoiding the bits
whose contributions to the eye-closure are less than a small fraction of the signal
Chapter 4 54
62. Waveform Display Commands DWV
swing, specified by the parameter swingError: Reference source not found. The
bits so identified are shown in the sequence through the simbol X (don't care).
The parameter freq is a real number specifying the bit-rate (in Mbit/s) for which
the limit eye-diagram is evaluated. If the option -c is specified in the parameter
list, freq is expressed in MHz.
A numerical identifier is assigned to each limit eye-diagram calculated. Further
references to the limit eye-diagram are done through this identifier. The
command leye displays the limit eye-diagram calculated in leyemplot mode.
Chapter 4 55
63. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.7.2 LEYEPLOT
Syntax:
leyeplot [-all] [num1 [num2 ... [numn]]]
Error: Reference source not found
leyeplot displays the previously generated (see leye command) limit eye-diagrams
given as parameters in overlapped mode. If the -all option is specified, the
diagram is displayed with the waveform that has been used for its generation. The
leyeplot mode allows the user to use the eval command.
4.7.3 LEYEMPLOT
Syntax:
leyemplot [-all] [num1 [num2 ... [numn]]]
Error: Reference source not found
leyemplot displays the previously generated (see leye command) limit eye-
diagrams passed as parameters in non-overlapped mode, assigning a horizontal
strip of the display area for each diagram. If the -all option is specified, the
diagram is displayed with the waveform that has been used for its generation. The
leyemplot mode allows the user to use the eval command.
4.7.4 LEYEINFO
Syntax:
leyeinfo
Error: Reference source not found
This command enables the system window leyeinfo. The information that is
displayed in this window is organized in pages, one for each limit eye-diagram
included in the current limit eye-diagram list (and created through the command
leye). The same information is also available during the selection of the
commands leyeplot and leyemplot using the mouse. If the command eval is
activated when one or more limit eye-diagrams are displayed on the screen, the
Chapter 4 56
64. Waveform Display Commands DWV
limit eye-diagram list is also enabled but the information displayed refers
only to the limit eye-diagrams displayed on the current graphic window.
The information displayed with the command leyeinfo is:
- the name of the file containing the source waveform that has been used for the
generation of the limit eye-diagram,
- the waveform name,
- the identifier assigned to the diagram and the identifiers of the two or four
boundaries forming the diagram (inner upper, inner lower, [outer upper, outer
lower]),
- the number of samples,
- the sampling time step,
- the start and stop time delimiting the interval of the waveform (rise or fall edge)
that has been used for the generation of the limit eye-diagram,
- the bit-rate (or the frequency in case of clock sequence),
- the fraction of the waveform amplitude that has been specified through the
parameter swing.
Fig.4.7.4.1 - Example of leyeinfo window.
Chapter 4 57
65. Waveform Display Commands DWV
It is possible to select with the mouse some of the displayed fields, in particular:
- the identifier of the limit eye-diagram,
- the identifiers of the two (or four) boundaries of the limit eye-diagram (these
identifiers are required by the command eval) (Fig.4.7.4.1).
4.7.5 LEYESAVE
Syntax:
leyesave num [filename]
Error: Reference source not found
This command saves on a file all the waveforms (two or four) defining the limit
eye-diagram identified by num. The file name is specified by the optional
parameter filename. If omitted, the default name leyedataError: Reference source
not found is used.
DWV stores the samples on a data file in the same format of a standard graphic
file. The names of the waveforms are made up by an initial character (the type of
the master waveform used for the generation of the graph) followed by a
progressive number between round brackets.
At the end of the file there are some comment lines with a character "*" in the
first column containing the information reported in the leyeinfo system window.
4.7.6 LSEQSAVE
Syntax:
lseqsave num filename
lseqsave num1 [num2 ... [numk]] filename
Error: Reference source not found
This command stores on a file the bit sequence causing the inner envelope of the
limit eye-diagram identified by num. If more identifiers are specified, DWV will
find the worst-case bit sequence for each limit eye-diagram and the global worst-
case bit sequence will be created taking into account the contribution of each
worst-case bit sequence.
Chapter 4 58
66. Waveform Display Commands DWV
The name of the output file containing the bit sequence is specified through the
parameter filename.
The worst-case bit sequences are usable as test-patterns in order to check an
actual prototype under test or to simulate the system in worst-case conditions
(Fig.4.7.6.1).
DWS can directly use the stored worst-case sequences in order to define the
behavior of independent sources (see DWS USER'S MANUAL).
The bits are expressed as "0" or "1", if their contribution to the closure of the eye
is significant. This condition is verified if the bit contribution to the closure of the
eye is greater or equal to the fraction of the signal amplitude specified by the
parameter swing in the leye command; if this contribution is negligible, the
relative bit is shown with the symbol X (don't care).
The command leye, with the exception of the case in which the -c option has been
used, calculates for each time point of the eye-diagram the bit sequence which
causes the maximum closure of the eye for that point. Upon the command
lseqsave is activated, DWV compacts the sequences that are equal, so that the file
contains only unique sequences. Moreover the number of occurrences of each
sequence is indicated.
In the output file the comment lines begins with a character "*".
User Note:
The command lseqsave with more than one identifier (num1 num2
...) specified is very useful to find the global worst-case bit
sequence for an interconnection with more than one receiver.
Infact, the worst-case bit sequences at each receiver are combined
in a single bit sequence.
Chapter 4 59
67. Waveform Display Commands DWV
* number of occurrences: 97
* 110
* number of occurrences: 57
* 100
* number of occurrences: 186
* 010
* number of occurrences: 78
* 101
* number of occurrences: 106
* 111
* number of occurrences: 4
* 011
* worst-case sequence
000110000100000010000101000111000011
111001111011111101111010111000111100
* bit number: 72
* sequence length: 7.20us
* date: 08/06/94 14:40
* source file: test.g
* waveform: V(10) identifier: 1
* source file: test.g
* waveform: V(20) identifier: 2
* source file: test.g
* waveform: V(40) identifier: 3
* bit_rate: 10.00Mbit/s
Fig.4.7.6.1 - Example of file containing worst-case bit sequence.
4.7.7 LEYEFREE
Syntax:
leyefree num 1 [num2 ... [numn]]
Error: Reference source not found
leyefree erases the eye-diagram specified by num from the limit eye-diagram list.
Upon selecting the command, the limit eye-diagram that has been deleted cannot
be displayed again before a new version is created with the leye command.
Chapter 4 60
68. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.7.8 LEYELOAD
Syntax:
leyeload pathname
Error: Reference source not found
leyeload loads a file, specified by pathname, containing the samples of a limit
eye-diagram, previously saved with the command leyesave.
All the information loaded is inserted in the limit eye-diagram list.
Upon loading the file, the diagram can be displayed with the commands leyeplot
and leyemplot.
Chapter 4 61
69. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.8 PLOTTYPE
Syntax:
plottype normal
plottype comb
plottype spectrum
plottype selects the plotting mode of the samples displayed on the graphic
window. The selection is active until the next plottype command is executed.
Using "normal" mode the samples are displayed as points on the screen and line
segments connecting each point with the next (Fig.4.8.1a), while the samples are
displayed as vertical segments starting from the x-axis (y=0) in "comb" mode
(Fig.4.8.1b). "Spectrum" mode is similar to "comb" mode with the exception that
the samples are displayed as vertical segments starting from the bottom of the
graphic window.
User Note:
As default, DWV uses the "normal" mode to display time domain
waveforms and "spectrum" mode to display Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) results.
Fig.4.8.1a - Example of "normal" plotting mode.
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70. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.8.1b - Example of "comb" plotting mode.
4.9 ZOOM
Syntax:
zoom
Error: Reference source not found
zoom sets the grid ranges (along both x and y directions in plot mode and only
x-range in multiplot mode) of the current graphic window.
Upon selecting the command, four markers are displayed at the limits of the x
and y axes. These markers can be captured with the mouse and moved to another
position, so that a new display area can be defined. Pushing the right button of the
mouse, the screen area delimited by the new positions of the markers is displayed
to full screen.
Chapter 4 63
71. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.9.1a - Example of graphic window before the zoom command.
Fig.4.9.1b - Example of graphic window after the zoom command.
A marker can be moved by positioning the graphic cursor close the marker and
by pressing the left button of the mouse. In this way the marker is captured and
will follow the mouse movement until the button is pressed. The information
Chapter 4 64
72. Waveform Display Commands DWV
displayed in the bottom right windows (X, Y current marker position) is updated
during the movement. Upon releasing the button, the marker stops in the current
position. The right button is used to complete the procedure, after the new limits
of the window are defined: the area delimited by the marker is displayed and the
control returns to the command interpreter (Fig.4.9.1a,b).
The new limits hold active until the next command zoom, defaxes (restore the
default ranges), xlimit or ylimit is issued.
Note: there are no limits on the number of times the command zoom is used on
the same waveform.
4.10 PANNING
Syntax:
panning
Error: Reference source not found
panning enables the panning function if the waveforms are already displayed in
plot mode, otherwise, the command is ignored. Upon selecting the command, two
squares are displayed on the bottom right of the graphic window with the simbols
"<" and ">". These squares are used to shift the waveforms displayed on the
graphic window to the right (<) or to the left (>). Upon positioning the graphic
cursor on one of the two squares, each time the left button of the mouse is
pressed, the current graph is shifted to the right or to the left (Fig.4.10.1a,b). The
amount of the shift is 1/25 of the x-range as default. This default value can be
modified with the command panstep (see command panstep).Error: Reference
source not found
To exit the panning mode, it is necessary to press the right button of the mouse
with the graphic cursor positioned inside one of the two panning squares. Upon
pressed the button, the two squares disappear and the control returns to the
command interpreter. panning is particularly useful after a zoom command in
order to shift the displayed area of the zoomed waveform.Error: Reference source
not found
Chapter 4 65
73. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.10.1a - Example of graphic window before the panning command.
Chapter 4 66
74. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.10.1b - Example of graphic window after a panning step.
4.11 PANSTEP
Syntax:
panstep [real]
Error: Reference source not found
panstep defines the panning step used for the panning function. The parameter
real must be positive and is defined as a fraction of the visible x-range. If
omitted, its default value (1/25 of the visible range) is restored.
4.12 DISPLIST
Syntax:
displist
displist -n
Error: Reference source not found
User Note:
The option -n can be only used inside PRESTO environment.
displist enables the displist system window and lists on it the identifiers of the
vectors displayed on the graphic window (Fig.4.12.1). If the command is
activated when the displist window is already displayed on the screen, its
contents are updated.
The option -n, inside the PRESTO environment, allows the user to list the
names of the nets instead of the vector identifiers.
Chapter 4 67
75. Waveform Display Commands DWV
Fig.4.12.1 - Example of displist window.
The waveform names (or the net names), sorted file by file, and the expression
labels are user selectable fields. If the graphic cursor is positioned within the
information frame, the selected field is displayed in reverse mode; pressing the
left button of the mouse causes the transfer of the selected field in the command
window. The file name is automatically added to the selection to avoid
ambiguities. The colors of the vector identifiers listed in the displist window are
exactly the same of the related vectors displayed on the graphic window. In case
of expression, its complete mathematical expression is also reported. For leyeplot
and leyemplot modes, the command displist gives the same information of the
command leyeinfo.
Chapter 4 68
76. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.13 CANCEL
Syntax:
cancel num 1 [num2 ...[numn]]
cancel vector1 [vector2 ...[vectork]]
cancel -n netname1 [netname2 ...[netnamej]]
User Note:
The option -n can be only used inside PRESTO environment.
cancel allows the deletion of vectors displayed on the graphic window. It acts
only on the current plotting mode. The fields passed as parameters are the names
of the vectors that have to be erased or their identifiers.Error: Reference source
not foundError: Reference source not found
Upon selecting the command by menu, the system window displist (for plot,
multiplot, eye-diagram and multieye-diagram modes) or leyeinfo (for leyeplot
and leyemplot modes) is displayed, enabling the selection of the vectors to erase.
The command cancel needs at least one parameter, for example:
cancel 1 5 7
cancel V(10) P(TINT,20) filename.g:V(30)
In order to avoid ambiguities, it is suggested to complete the waveform name
with its file name. If the file name is omitted, the interpreter chooses the current
graphic file as default. The current graphic file is the last loaded or the one set
using the command setgfile (see setgfile command). If the selection of the
parameter is performed using the mouse and the displist window, the file name is
automatically added.
The option -n, inside the PRESTO environment, allows the user to cancel all the
vectors belonging to one or more nets just typing the name of the nets instead of
the single vector identifiers.
Chapter 4 69
77. Waveform Display Commands DWV
4.14 CLEAR
Syntax:
clear
Error: Reference source not found
This command clears both the display list of the current plotting mode and the
graphic window. clear is only active for the current plotting mode and doesn't
affect the display list of the other plotting modes. If some waveforms have been
displayed in other plotting modes, it is possible to recall them giving the related
plotting command plot, mplot, eyed, meyed, leyeplot or leyemplot without
waveforms names.
For example, the sequence:
plot I(XXX,15)
mplot P(YYY,10)
clear
plot
clears the multiplot mode, whilst the plot command displays I(XXX,15) again.
4.15 STARTIME
Syntax:
startime real vector
Error: Reference source not found
The command startime creates an expression containing the selected waveform
vector and assigns the specified value real, expressed in seconds, to the starting
time of this waveform. This command, available only in plot or multiplot mode,
allows the user to shift a waveform in time and compare the waveform with
others.
Chapter 4 70
79. Chapter 5
Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not found
D e f i n i n g A x e s a n d G r i d
5.1 Defaxes
5.2 Xaxis
5.3 Xlimit
5.4 Xscale
5.5 Ylimit, Auto-Ylimit
5.6 Grid Secondary Menu
5.6.1 Grid Off
5.6.2 Autospacing
5.6.3 Xoffset
5.6.4 Yoffset
5.6.5 Xdelta
5.6.6 Ydelta
80. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
This section describes all the commands available to modify the grid step and the
ranges of the two variables along the x and y axes. Upon selecting the command
from the main menu, a secondary menu is activated. By choosing some of the
options displayed in Fig.5.1 other secondary menus of options are activated. All
these commands are explained in details in the following of this chapter.
DEFAXES
* XAXIS *
* YAXIS *
* GRID *
Fig.5.1 - AXES secondary menu.
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81. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
5.1 DEFAXES
Syntax:
defaxes
Error: Reference source not found
defaxes restores the default plotting ranges for both the graphic window axes: the
default range is defined for x-axis by the number of the waveform samples
multiplied by the timestep specified in the graphic file; if the horizontal variable
has been modified (see xaxis) also the variable time is restored. If two or more
waveforms having different x-rangesError: Reference source not found are
displayed, defaxes will use as default the x-range that is the union of the two
single x-ranges. For y-axis, two situations are possible:
- in plot mode, eye-diagram mode or leyeplot mode: the unit of measure of the
axis is defined by the first vector to plot and the range is evaluated in order to
visualize all the waveforms of the current display list;
- in multiplot mode, multieye-diagram mode or leyemplot mode: if the y-range
has been previously modified (see yaxix), the default y-range for each
waveform is restored (Fig.5.1.1).
Fig.5.1.1 - Example of display after a defaxes command in multiplot mode (the two waveforms
have different x-ranges).
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82. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
5.2 XAXIS
Syntax:
xaxis t
xaxis vector
Error: Reference source not found
xaxis allows the user to change the variable assigned to the x-axis.
Upon selecting the command by menu, a secondary menu is displayed (Fig.5.2.1)
listing the related options.
TIME
VECTOR
XLIMIT
* XSCALE *
Fig.5.2.1 - XAXIS secondary menu.
The first two labels (time and vector) are options for the command xaxis, whilst
the label xlimit defines a new x-range and will be explained in details later. The
label xscale defines the type of scale along the x-axis.
The command xaxis t assigns the variable time to the x-axis and sets the default
value of the x-range (based on the time windows of the displayed waveforms).
The command xaxis vector assigns the variable vector instead of time to
the x-axis.
Fig.5.2.2 shows an example related to the start-up transient of an oscillator. The
voltage is assigned to the y-axis and the current to the x-axis.
Note: xaxis is only available in plot or multiplot mode.
Chapter 5 75
83. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
Fig.5.2.2 - Example of x-y plot: oscillator's start-up trajectory.
5.3 XLIMIT
Syntax:
xlimit lowerxlimit upperxlimit
Error: Reference source not found
xlimit defines the new range of the variable along the x-axis. The parameters
lowerxlimit and upperxlimit are two real numbers, respectively the new lower and
upper limits of the range. These range limits are expressed in the same unit and
scale factor already assigned to the x-axis.
xlimit is only available for plot or multiplot mode.
To restore the default values of the axes range it is necessary to use the command
defaxes that restores the variable time on the x-axis too. xlimit acts in similar way
of the zoom command but allows better precision in defining the range limits.
Chapter 5 76
84. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
5.4 XSCALE
Syntax:
xscale linear
xscale log
Error: Reference source not found
xscale defines the type of the grid along the x-axis:
- linear specifies a uniform grid spacing;
- log specifies a logarithmic grid spacing.
The logarithmic scale is only available if the variable assigned to the x-axis is
different from time.
.
5.5 YLIMIT, AUTO-YLIMIT
Syntax:
ylimit [lowerylimit upperylimit]
Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not found
ylimit defines a new y-range of the waveform(s) currently displayed on the
graphic window. If the parameters are omitted (auto-ylimit option), the y-range is
automatically set. The automatic range limits are set to the absolute maximum
and minimum values of the samples of all displayed waveforms in overlapped
modes or of the single waveforms in non-overlapped modes.
The parameters lowerylimit and upperylimit are two real numbers, respectively
the lower and upper limits of the displayed y-range. These range limits are
expressed using the same unit and scale factor already assigned to the y-axis. For
multiplot mode, multieye-diagram mode and leyemplot mode, the new specified
range applies to all the waveforms displayed on the graphic window and the
values must be expressed in Volt, Ampere, Watt, etc. depending on the meaning
of the waveforms.
Chapter 5 77
85. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
5.6 GRID Secondary Menu
This section describes the commands enabling the user to modify the grid
currently displayed on the graphic window and includes all the options shown in
the secondary menu of Fig.5.6.1.Error: Reference source not found
AUTO-SPACING
XOFFSET
YOFFSET
XDELTA
YDELTA
Fig.5.6.1 - GRID secondary menu.
5.6.1 GRID OFF
Syntax:
grid off
Error: Reference source not found
grid off clears the reference grid displayed on the graphic window.
Upon selecting this command, the waveforms are displayed without any
reference x-y grid. The command is available for all the plotting modes, but, once
activated, it is only active for the current plotting mode and does not affect the
other plotting modes. The command autospacing restores the default x-y grid
configuration.
Chapter 5 78
86. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
5.6.2 AUTOSPACING
Syntax:
autospacing
Error: Reference source not found
autospacing restores the default configuration of the reference x-y grid shown
during the display operations. The default values of the grid are evaluated
through the following rules:
- x-axis: the vertical lines of the grid span the displayed x-range with a repetition
step of 1/10 of the full x-range;
- y-axis: for plot mode, eye-diagram mode and leyeplot mode the horizontal lines
span the displayed y-range with a repetition step of 1/10 of the full
y-range (Fig.5.6.2.1); for the other plot modes two horizontal lines for
each of the waveforms are only displayed. These two lines are related to
the minimum and the maximum limits of each plotted waveform
(Fig.5.6.2.2).
The autospacing command can be used after grid-related commands such as
xoffset, yoffset, xdelta, ydelta and grid off in order to restore the default x-y grid.
The autospacing command applies to the current plotting mode. For example, the
following sequence:
plot filename.g:V(10)
ydelta 0.5
mplotall
autospacing
plot
displays initially the waveform V(10) in plot mode and the second command
modifies the default grid. Then the command mplotall changes plotting mode and
displays all the waveforms of the file filename.g. Then autospacing restores only
the multiplot mode grid, whilst the next plot command displays the previous
screen in the plot mode with its modified grid.
Chapter 5 79
87. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
Fig.5.6.2.1a - Example of plot mode display after x-y grid settings.
Fig.5.6.2.1b - Example of plot mode display after the autospacing command.
Chapter 5 80
88. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
Fig.5.6.2.2a - Example of multiplot mode display after x-y grid settings.
Fig.5.6.2.2b - Example of multiplot mode display after the autospacing command.
Chapter 5 81
89. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
5.6.3 XOFFSET
Syntax:
xoffset real
Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not found
xoffset sets a point which a vertical line of the grid will pass through. The
parameter real specifies the point position on the x-axis expressed using the same
unit currently assigned to the x-axis and taking the scale factor (milli, micro,
nano, pico, femto, kilo, mega, tera) into account, as well as the command xdelta
does. The parameter real must be specified between the maximum and the
minimum values of the visible x-range. If the command xoffset is activated
in plot or eye-diagram mode, it will be also active for its related multiplot
or multieye-diagram mode. Leyeplot mode and leyemplot mode are independent.
The default configuration (grid starting from the left limit of the visible range) is
restorable by means of the command autospacing.
5.6.4 YOFFSET
Syntax:
yoffset real
Error: Reference source not found
yoffset sets a point which a horizontal line of the grid will pass through. The
parameter real identifies the point position on the y-axis and must be expressed
using the unit currently assigned to the y-axis and taking the scale factor (milli,
micro, nano, pico, femto, kilo, mega, tera) into account, if the waveforms are
plotted in overlapped mode (plot, eye-diagram or leyeplot mode), or using an
absolute value in the other plotting modes, as well as the command ydelta does.
The command yoffset used in multiple plot modes is very useful to compare
waveforms with respect to a common threshold. The setting of yoffset is
independent for each plotting mode.
Chapter 5 82
90. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
5.6.5 XDELTA
Syntax:
xdelta real
xdelta modifies the repetition stepError: Reference source not found between two
contiguous vertical lines of the x-y grid for the current plotting mode. The
parameter real uses the same unit assigned to the x-axis taking the scale factor
(milli, micro, nano, pico, femto, kilo, mega, tera) into account, as well as the
command xoffset does. The parameter real must be a non-zero positive real
number. If the command xdelta is activated in plot or eye-diagram mode, it will
be also active for its related multiplot or multieye-diagram mode. Leyeplot mode
and leyemplot mode are independent. The default setting of xdelta (1/10 of the
visible range) is restorable by means of the command autospacing.
5.6.6 YDELTA
Syntax:
ydelta real
ydelta Error: Reference source not foundmodifies the repetition step between two
contiguous horizontal lines of the x-y grid for the current plotting mode. The
parameter real is expressed using the same unit currently assigned to the y-axis
and taking the scale factor (milli, micro, nano, pico, femto, kilo, mega, tera) into
account, if the waveforms are plotted in overlapped mode (plot, eye-diagram or
leyeplot mode), otherwise, it must be expressed as absolute value, as well as the
command yoffset does.
For plot, eye-diagram and leyeplot modes the default value of ydelta is 1/10 of
the displayed y-range. For the other plotting modes (multiple plot modes), the
step of the horizontal lines is the same of the displayed y-range. In this situation,
if the ydelta command is used, DWV plots horizontal lines starting from the
minimum to the maximum values for each y-range displayed on the screen using
real as repetition step.
It is possible to define different values of ydelta for each plotting mode. For
example, in order to restore the default ydelta value in plot mode, it is necessary
to use the command autospacing when the graphic window is set in plot mode.
Chapter 5 83
91. Defining Axes and Grid DWV
Chapter 6
M a k i n g H a r d c o p i e s
Error: Reference source not
found
6.1 Plotsave
6.2 Plotexec
6.3 Hardcopy
6.4 Printer Setup
6.5 Killcopy
Chapter 5 84
92. Making Hardcopies DWV
This section describes a set of commands useful to store the contents of the
graphic window in memory (in a format compatible with a printer or a plotter)
and to print them. Upon selecting the command HARDCOPY, the following
secondary menu appears.
* PLOTSAVE *
* PLOTEXEC *
COLOR
BLACK/WHITE
FILE
* PRINT STP *
Chapter 6 85
93. Making Hardcopies DWV
6.1 PLOTSAVE
Syntax:
plotsave opt filename
Error: Reference source not found
plotsave stores on a file all the information displayed on the current graphic
window. Before using this command it is suggested to arrange the plotting mode
(plot, multiplot, eye-diagram, multieye-diagram, leyeplot or leyemplot mode)
with a suitable x-y grid (see commands xoffset, yoffset, xdelta, ydelta, grid off,
xlimit and ylimit); it is also possible to add a title and labels (see title and label
commands). The option opt defines the type of the device that will be used to
print, in particular -l for laser printer and -p for plotter. The parameter filename
defines the name of the file, belonging to the current directory, that will carry all
the information related to the saved display. The information displayed on the
graphic window is saved in the file using HPGL instructions.
For this command, DWV uses the Error: Reference source not foundDWVformat
fileError: Reference source not found (located in the startup directory) which
contains two integer numbers inError: Reference source not found plotter units
that specify the maximum plotting ranges respectively for x and y axes. The
default DWVformat file contains a couple of numbers for Error: Reference source
not foundA4 format (10900, 7650). For A3 plots, these values must be modified
in 16000 and 10900. The user can include any intermediate values respectively
for abscissa and ordinate: the saved plot will be automatically scaled.
Chapter 6 86
94. Making Hardcopies DWV
6.2 PLOTEXEC
Syntax:
plotexec opt filename
Error: Reference source not found
plotexec makes hardcopies of the display previously saved on a file with the
commands plotsave or pwledit. The option opt defines the type of printing device,
in particular -l applies for laser printer and -p for plotter. The parameter filename
specifies the name of the file carrying the saved plot (located in the current
directory). This command operates with plotters or laser printers that utilize the
communication language HPGL.Error: Reference source not foundError:
Reference source not found
DWV creates an independent process that sends the appropriate instructions to
the selected device. Upon selecting this command, the process becomes active
and the control returns to the user. It is preferable to avoid multiple use of this
command until the plotting device is busy.
The command that has to be executed is in a file of the startup directory. The file
has the default name DWVcomplot for the plotter and DWVcomlas for the laser
printer. For example, the plotter command could be:Error: Reference source not
found
cat $1 > /dev/plotter
where /dev/plotter is the driver of the plotter and $1 is the name of the file
carrying the saved plot; while the laser printer command could be:
lp $1
The hardcopy will also indicate the current date and time, the name of the source
graphic file(s) carrying the waveforms and, if specified, a title.
When the plotter is used, DWV allows the plotting in single or multiple colors. In
any case, it is suggested to use a light color for the grid and dark colors for the
waveforms. Before activating the command, the selected device must be
connected and switched on with paper and pens (plotter) already loaded. If the
device is off, DWV displays an error message. If a second plotexec command,
using the UNIX command "cat", is issued when the previous printing process is
Chapter 6 87
95. Making Hardcopies DWV
still active, both the printing processes become active simultaneously and wrong
operations may occur. In this situation, the user can use the command killcopy
that returns the identifier of the process created by DWV for printing. Then, the
user can kill the process with the UNIX command "kill -9 PID" from terminal
Error: Reference source not found(PID is the identifier returned by the command
killcopy).
Note: even if the DWV working session is terminated during the execution of a
hardcopy, the plotting process will continue until the end.
6.3 HARDCOPY
Syntax:
hardcopy -col
hardcopy -bw
hardcopy -f filename
Error: Reference source not found
hardcopy creates a dump file of the graphic window. Three different options are
available:
-col : this selection creates a temporary file in the
<working_directory>/hardcopy directory that will be processed by
the shell printcolor and then sent to the printer. The shell
printcolor is present in $HOME/.DWVenv (or $HOME/.prestoenv
if used in PRESTO environment) and can be modified by the user
(for example to specify the device or the print queue) as specified
in 6.4.
For HP workstations, the command is completely automatic and
prints a color hardcopy of the graphic window only.
For SUN workstations, the execution requires to point to the
graphic window and to click the left button of the mouse. A color
hardcopy of the entire DWV window will be printed.
-bw this selection creates a temporary file in the
<working_directory>/hardcopy directory that will be processed by
the shell printbw and then sent to the printer. The shell printbw is
present in $HOME/.DWVenv (or $HOME/.prestoenv if used in
Chapter 6 88
96. Making Hardcopies DWV
PRESTO environment) and can be modified by the user (for
example to specify the device or the print queue) as specified in
6.4.
For HP workstations, the command is completely automatic and
prints a black/white hardcopy of the graphic window only.
For SUN workstations, the execution requires to point to the
graphic window and to click the left button of the mouse. A
black/white hardcopy of the entire DWV window will be printed.
-f filename this selection creates a file in the current directory specified by
filename containing a dump of the graphic window in xwd format.
For HP workstations, the command is completely automatic and
creates a dump of the graphic window only.
For SUN workstations, the execution requires to point to the
graphic window and to click the left button of the mouse. A dump
of the entire DWV window will be created.
User Note:
If the directory $HOME/.DWVenv does not exist, it is
automatically created by DWV the first time the command
hardcopy (-col or -bw) is invoked. The two user-definible
command shells printcolor and printbw are then copied in the
directory $HOME/.DWVenv from the directory
<installation_directory>/DWV/<version>/com that contains the
default version.
6.4 PRINTERSETUP
Syntax:
printersetup -col
printersetup -bw
Error: Reference source not found
printersetup allows the user to edit the UNIX shells utilized to print hardcopies.
Two different options are available:
Chapter 6 89
97. Making Hardcopies DWV
-col this selection allows the user to edit the file
$HOME/.DWVenv/printcolor (or $HOME/.prestoenv/printcolor if
used in PRESTO environment) and modify the printing statements
(for example to specify the device or the print queue) for color
printers.
-bw this selection allows the user to edit the file
$HOME/.DWVenv/printbw (or $HOME/.prestoenv/printbw if used
in PRESTO environment) and modify the printing statements (for
example to specify the device or the print queue) for black/white
printers.
After the command is issued, the related print shell can be edited. You can
modify the print statement, taking into account that the input file of the shell is in
xwd format.
6.5 KILLCOPY
Syntax:
killcopy
Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not found
This command returns the identifier of the process (PID) activated with the
command plotexec. The PID can be used with the command "kill -9 PID" typed
in a UNIX window in order to kill the hardcopy process.
Chapter 6 90
99. Utility Commands DWV
Chapter 7
U t i l i t y C o m m a n d s
7.1 Lsdir, Lsdir -t
7.2 Eval
7.3 FFT
7.4 Title
7.5 Label
7.6 Background
7.7 Maskgen
7.8 Maskedit
Chapter 7 93
100. Utility Commands DWV
7.1 LSDIR, LSDIR -T
Syntax:
lsdir [-t] [pathname]
Error: Reference source not found
lsdir displays a system window that lists the contents of the directory specified by
the parameter pathname as shown in Fig.7.1.1. If the parameter is missing, the
contents of the current directory are listed (the current directory is the one from
which DWV has been activated).
Pathname can be expressed starting from the root or relatively to the current
directory. The final character "/" for pathname is not mandatory.
E.g.: lsdir /users/design/simulation
lsdir /users/design/simulation/
The fields displayed in the lsdir system window show file and subdirectory
names sorted by column and in alphabetical order (like the UNIX command "ls").
Fig.7.1.1 - Example of lsdir window.
Chapter 7 94
