Emotional intelligence

1. 1
Contact Details
Phil Bowen
Emotional intelligence
07/08/14 1

2. 2
Summary
• Summary
• Moods
• Emotion
• Personality (The big 5)
• Intelligence
• Emotional intelligence
• The dark side
• Summing up
• References

3. 3
Moods.
3

4. 4
Mood and mood regulation
• Those:
– Prone to anxiety tend to worry about worry.
– Who are depressive may underestimate their
control over ruminative thought and are likely to
believe that rumination is a way to cope. (Papageorgiou
and Wells, 2003).
• Happy people may recall and use more positive
information and
• Those in a negative mood access more negative
information in their verbal messages.” (Forgas, 2007)
• There is considerable evidence that mood effects
memory and judgments (Berkowitz, 2000; Bless et al, 1996; Bower
and Forgas, 2001; Bower, 1981; Eich and Macauley, 2000).

5. 5
Workshop 1a.
5 mins and 5 mins discussion.
• In small groups identify and discuss “things”
that cause you stress? (For example: waiting in
a queue, traffic jams, no internet connection)
• How do you feel (physically/ psychologically)
• What mood does it put you in?

6. 6
Workshop 1b.
5 mins and 5 mins discussion.
• How do you manage your moods?
– For example you have just had another bad day.
– For example you have just had a negative
experience where several students have confronted
you.
• What do you do to release the stress/
experience? In other words, how do you
manage the mood you are in?
• Discuss in small groups?

7. 7
Mood management
• Six strategies for mood management (Thayer 1996.)
Rank Strategy Examples
1 Active mood management Relaxation, stress management,
engage in cognitive activity,
exercise.
2 Seeking pleasurable
activities, and distraction
Engage in pleasant activities such
as humour or a hobby.
3 Withdrawal, avoidance Be alone, avoid person or thing
causing bad mood.
4 Social support, ventilation
and gratification
Call or talk to someone, engage in
emotional activity
5 Passive mood management Watch TV, drink coffee, eat, rest
6 Direct tension reduction Take drugs, drink alcohol, have
sex.

8. 8
Emotion
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9. 9
Workshop 2 (10 mins)
• In small groups identify and discuss emotions
that you consider to be positive and negative.

10. 10
Workshop 2 (10 mins)
• See list shown on word document.
• Ekman, (1973) explains that there are a small
number of basic emotions.
– For example: happiness, sadness, anger, fear and
disgust.
• However, Ortony and Turner (1990) have
questioned the existence of identifiable basic
emotions.
• Also see Plutchik (e.g. Article: Plutchik, 2001)

11. 11
What is emotion?
• Solomon (2010:3) in Lewis et al states that:
– “One of the most enduring metaphors of reason and
emotion has been the metaphor of master and
slave, with wisdom of reason firmly in control
and the dangerous impulses of emotion safely
suppressed, channelled, or (ideally) in harmony
with reason.”

12. 12
What is emotion?
• Ekman (1992: 550-553) comments that:
– “Emotions are a product of our evolution, with
some biological givens” which implies that certain
emotions are intrinsic to us as human beings and
can therefore be considered as “basic”.
• Thamm (2006) comments that:
– Emotions originate from the human need to
survive (Darwin, 1872).
– It is therefore an integral part of who we are as
individuals.

13. 13
Workshop (10 mins)
• Open discussion
– Is it part of who we are?
– If it is integral are we born with it? (nature or
nurture)
– Is emotion a trait then?
• If emotions is a trait, is it part of our personality?

14. 14
What is emotion?
• Cacioppo et al (1997) state that
– Emotions incorporate cognitions (e.g. memories,
feelings, appraisals) together with
– Humoral, visceral, and immunological reactions;
vocalisations, gestures, and expressive displays.
• Emotions also include overt behaviours and
postural orientations; or a combination of these
– (e.g. Frijda, 1986; Izard, 1997; Leventhal and
Mosbach, 1983).

15. 15
What is emotion?
• Crawford (2007) defines emotion as:
– Made up of feelings, that which a person
experiences;
– Emotions (where feelings are shown) and
– Moods (this is where feelings persist over a period
of time).

16. 16
What is emotion?
• Wade and Tavris (2006) define emotion as
– A state of arousal which involves body and facial
changes together with
– Brain activity, subjective feelings, cognitive
appraisal and tendency towards action; all of which
are shaped by cultural norms and rules.

17. 17
What is emotion?
• The above exemplifies the confusion
associated with defining emotion.

18. 18
Personality (the big
five)
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19. 19
Personality (the big 5) (Costa and McCrae, 1992)
No Factor:
Trait facets
1 Neuroticism Anxiety, angry, hostility, depression, self
consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability.
2 Extraversion Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity,
excitement seeking, positive emotions
3 Openness Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, idea,
values
4 Agreeableness Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance,
modesty, tender mindedness
5 Conscientiousness Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement
striving, self discipline, deliberation.

20. 20
Intelligence
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21. 21
Workshop (10 mins)
• In small groups discuss intelligence
– What is it?
– Is there more than one type of intelligence? If so:
• How many intelligences can you think of?

22. 22
Intelligence definition
• Intelligence definition:
– “The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and
skills”. The Oxford Dictionary (2012)

23. 23
Intelligence
• Cattell (1941) proposed that intelligence is
associated with two complementary factors.
– Fluid intelligence,
• which relates to basic reasoning abilities; and
– Crystallised intelligence,
• which depends upon learning from experience.

24. 24
Multiple intelligence
• Definition of intelligence
– “The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and
skills”. (The Oxford Dictionary, 2012)
• Definition of emotional intelligence
– The ability to identify and understand emotions
both in oneself and also in others. (Gardner, 1983)

25. 25
Multiple intelligence(Gardner, 1983)
• Multiple intelligence can be broken down into
the following:
– Cognitive intelligence (IQ):
– Verbal/ linguistic (logical/ mathematical);
– Specialist intelligence (visual/ spatial, musical/
rhythmic, bodily/ kinaesthetic);
– Personal intelligence (EI) (interpersonal,
intrapersonal).
– Later additions were defined as: naturalistic and
spiritual/ existential..

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Emotional intelligence
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27. 27
Emotional intelligence
• Being able to motivate oneself and persist in
the face of frustrations:
– To control impulse and delay gratification;
– To regulate one’s moods and keep distress from
swamping the ability to think,
– To empathise and to hope. (Goleman, 1996)

28. 28
Emotional intelligence

29. 29
Emotional intelligence

30. 30
Emotional intelligence
• Three : main theories
1. The ability model (Salovey and Mayer, 1990;
Mayer and Salovey, 1997),
2. The mixed model, (Bar-On, 1997; Goleman, 1995;
1998a; b; 2001) and
3. The trait model (Petrides and Furnham, 2001).

31. 31
Emotional intelligence
(Ability model)(Salovey and Mayer,1990)
• It is the ability to perceive emotions and
– To generate and access emotions to help
• Understand emotions,
• Emotional meanings and
• To be able to promote improved emotion and thought.

32. 32
Emotional intelligence
(Ability model)(Salovey and Mayer,1990)
• It is the ability to understand and manage
emotions.
• Salovey et al (2004) redefined emotional
intelligence as the ability to accurately
– Appraise, express and understand emotion and to
regulate emotions to encourage emotional and
intellectual growth.

33. 33
Emotional intelligence
(The mixed model) (Goleman, 1995)
• The mixed model
– Includes traits and mental abilities
– It is associated with intelligence and emotion.
– The term “mixed” was therefore given to this model.

34. 34
Emotional intelligence (Goleman 1998)
Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI)
Domain Competency
Self awareness Emotional awareness, accurate self assessment, self
confidence
Self regulation Self control, trustworthiness, conscientiousness,
adaptability, innovation
Motivation Achievement drive, organisational commitment,
initiative, optimism
Empathy Understanding others, developing others, service
orientation, leveraging diversity, political awareness.
Social skills Influence, communication, conflict management,
leadership, change catalyst, building bonds,
collaboration, cooperation, team capabilities.

35. 35
Emotional intelligence (traits)
• Eysenk (1958) links traits to behaviours and to
emotions.
• However, traits are not incorporated into the
definition of intelligence and
• Wade and Tavris (2006) define trait as
characteristics of a person describing their
normal way of thinking, feeling or behaving.

36. 36
Emotional intelligence
– It therefore follows that traits and ability are mutually
independent.
– Do you agree?
– Or do you think that the mixed model of intelligence
and emotion is correct- (The mixed model-
Goleman 1995)

37. 37
Traits (Allport 1937)
• Allport (1937) was the first person to relate
traits and attitudes.
– He defined a trait as a neuro psychic system to
render stimuli that initiate and guide both adaptive
and expressive behaviour.
– They are individual/ unique to each person.
However, there are common traits that can be
shared amongst a culture.
– Personality is the dynamic organisations within the
physical and psychological systems of a person
which, in turn, underlie how a person feels, acts
and thinks.

38. 38
Traits (Cattell, 1950)
• Cattell (1950) identified that there were two
main personality traits.
• Surface traits (those that are observable) and
• Source traits (those that can be inferred but
could appear as behaviour).
• Each person could have a percentage of each
of the traits, unlike Eysenk who identified that
people would be of a particular type.

39. 39
Traits (.Petrides, 2011)
• Petrides (2011) found correlation between trait
emotional intelligence and the “big five”
personality dimensions (Costa and McCrae,
1992).

40. 40
Traits (Petrides, 2011)
• This implies that:
– Genes are partly responsible for individual
differences and
– Are responsible for individual trait differences.
• Johnson et al (2008) found that the heritable
proportion of trait is approximately 40%.
• The above appears to provide support for
the correlation between emotional
intelligence and personality traits.

41. 41
Emotional intelligence
(The trait model) (Petrides and Furnham, 2001)
• Intelligence is an ability and not a trait.
• Petrides and Furnham, (2001) comment that
this is an oxymoron (a contradiction in terms).
• They therefore replace:
– “Trait emotional intelligence” with “Emotional self-
efficacy” and
– Ability emotional intelligence with “Cognitive-
emotional ability”.
– They regard traits as dispositions distinguishing
them from abilities.

42. 42
The dark side
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43. 43
The dark side (Paulhus and Williams, 2002)
• The dark triad,
• Narcissism,
• Machiavellianism, and
• Psychopathy,
– representing a collection of subclinical, socially
aversive traits.

44. 44
The dark side
• A psychopath can be described as a “moral
Zombie” (De Sousa (2013:109).
• They appear to show moral consciousness and
verbal signs without necessarily experiencing
the emotions.
• They appear to be convincing but underneath
there is no consciousness.

45. 45
The dark side
• Christie and Geis (1970) in Austin et al (2007)
define Machiavellianism as:
– A person who lacked conventional morality and
displayed manipulative behaviour with the intention
of promoting their own interests.
– Good book to look at: Babiak, P. and Hare, R.D.
(2006). Snakes in Suits. Harper

46. 46
Summary
• Moods
• Emotion
• Personality (The big 5)
• Intelligence
• Emotional intelligence
• The dark side
• Final points/ summing up
• References

47. 47
References 1• Allport, G.W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation, New York, Henry Holt and Company.
• Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
• Berkowitz, L. (2000). Causes and consequences of feelings. New York: Psychology Press.
• Bless, H. Mackie, D. Schwarz, N. (1996). Mood effects on encoding and judgmental processes in
persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 63. (585-595).
• Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist. Vol. 36. (129-148).
• Bower, G.H. and Forgas, J.P. (2001). Mood and social memory. In: J.P. Forgas (Ed), The handbook of
affect and social cognition, Mahwah. NJ: Erlbaum (95-120).
• Cacioppo, J.T. Bernston, G.G. Klein, D.J. and Poehlmann, K.M. (1997). The psychophysiology of
emotion across the life span, Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Vol. 17. (27-74)
• Cattell, R.B. (1941). Some theoretical issues in adult intelligence testing. Psychological Bulletin 38.
(592).
• Cattell, R.B. (1950). Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Christie, R. and Geis, F.L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
• Costa, P. T. Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO
Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment
Resources.
• Crawford, M. (2007). Emotional coherence in primary school headship, Educational Management
Administrations and Leadership. Sage publications. (521-534).
• Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of emotions in man and animals. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
• De Sousa, R. (2013). The mind’s Bermuda triangle: philosophy of emotions and empirical science. In
P. Goldie. (Ed) .The Oxford handbook of philosophy of emotion. Oxford University Press.
• Eich, E. and Macauley, D. (2000). Fundamental factors in mood-dependent memory. In J.P. Forgas
(Ed) Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition, New York: Cambridge: University
Press. (109-130).

48. 48
References 2
• Ekman, P. (1973). Cross cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed). Darwin and facial
expression: A century of research in review. New York: Academic Press. (169-222).
• Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions, Psychological Review, Vol. 99. No 3. (550-553).
• Eysenck, H. J. (1958). Sense and nonsense in psychology. Middlesex: Penguin.
• Forgas, J.P. (2007). When sad is better than happy: Negative affect can improve the quality and
effectiveness of persuasive messages and social influence strategies, Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology. Vol. 43. (513-528).
• Frijda, N.H. (1986). The emotions: studies in emotion and social interaction, Press Syndicate of the
University of Cambridge.
• Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books
• Goleman. D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More than IQ. Bantam Books, New
York. NY.
• Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional Intelligence; why it can matter more than IQ, Bloomsbury, London.
• Goleman, D. (1998a). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review. Vol. 76. (93-102).
• Goleman, D. (1998b). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books: New York.
• Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional Intelligence: Perspectives on a theory of performance. In press.
• Izard, C.E. (1997). Emotion and facial expression: A perspective from differential emotion theory. In
J.A. Russell and J.M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds). The Psychology of facial expression. Cambridge
University Press. (55-77)
• Leventhal, H. and Mosbach, P. (1983). A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In T.J. Cacioppo and
R.E. Petty (Eds), Social Psychophysiology: A source book, New York Guilford. (353-389).
• Mayer, J.D. and Salovey (1997) “Definition of emotional intelligence”. In P. Salovey, M.A. Brackett, and
J.D. Mayer, (Eds) (2007). Emotional intelligence: Key readings on the Mayer and Salovey model.
Quality Books, Inc. (88)

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References 3
• Ortony, A. and Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review. Vol.
97. (315-331).
• Oxford Dictionary. (2012). [on line] Available at: http://oxforddictionaries.com/.Oxford University Press.
• Papageorgiou, C. and Wells, A. (2003). An empirical test of a clinical meta cognitive model of
rumination and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research. Vol. 27 (261-273)
• Paulhus, D.L. and Williams, K.M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism. Machiavellianism
and psychopathy, Journal of research in personality. Vol. 36. (556-563).
• Petrides, K. V. (2011). Ability and trait emotional intelligence. In: T. Chamorro- Premuzic, A. Furnham,
and S. von Stumm (Eds.), The Blackwell-Wiley handbook of individual differences, New York: Wiley.
• Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with
reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality. Vol. 15. (425-448).
• Salovey, P. Brackett, M.A. and Mayer, J.D. (2004). Emotional Intelligence: Key Readings on the Mayer
and Salovey Model, Dude Publishing.
• Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality
Vol. 9. (185-211).
• Solomon R.C. (2010). The Philosophy of emotions. In M.D. Lewis, J.M. Haviland Jones, L. Feldman
Barett, (eds). Hand book of emotions (3rd
ed). Guilford Press
• Thamm, R.A. (2006). The classifications of emotion. In J.E. Stets and J.H. Turner (eds), Handbook of
the sociology of emotions, New York, Springer
• Thayer, R.E. (1996). The origin of everyday moods: Managing energy, tension, and stress. New York:
Oxford University Press.
• Wade, C. and Tavris, C. (2006). Psychology (8th
Ed) Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall.

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