This presentation is based on understanding of four kinds of meaning and two kind of metaphors.

1. Understanding of
Richards’s Four Kind
of Meaning and Two
Kinds of Metaphors

2. Personal Details
● Name :- Payal Bambhaniya
● Paper no. :- 109
● Paper Name:- Literary Theory & Criticism and Indian Aesthetics
● Topic:- I A
● Roll no. :- 15
● Enrollment no. :- 4069206420220002
● Submitted to:- SMT S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU.
● Batch :- M.A. Sem.2 (2022-2024)

3. Points to Ponder
● I. A. Richards
● Four kind of Meaning
● Two Kinds of Metaphors
● Conclusion

4. I. A. Richards
● Ivor Armstrong Richards was born in 1893.
● He was an English educator, literary critic, and poet.
● His work contributed to the foundation of the New Criticism, a
Formalist movement in literay theory which emphasized the
close reading of literary text , especially Poetry.
● Richard's contribution to the establishment of the literary
methodology of the New criticism are presented in the books
The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the influence of Language
Upon Through and of the Science of Symbolism by C. K. Ogden.
● And I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, Practice
Criticism and the Philosophy of Rhetoric.
● He is considered one of the pioneers of New Criticism.He
developed close textual, verbal study and analysis of a work of
art.

5. Four Kind of Meaning
● According to I.A. Richards, words carry four kinds of meaning.
● Language is made of words and hence a study of words.
● Sense
● Tone
● Feeling and
● Intention
● Sense is what is said, or the ‘items' refered to by a writer.
● Feeling refers to emotions, emotional attitude, desire, pleasure or
displeasure and the rest.
● Tone is the writers attitude to his readers or audiance.
● Intention is the writers aim, which may be concious or unconscious.
It refers to the effect that he tries to produce. This purpose modifies
the expression.

6. ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’
● Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is a poem by Robert
Frost, written in 1922, and published in 2923.
● The poem is about the poet’s going to forest, getting tempted
to stay there , and finally realised that he has many works to
be done by him and so he cannot stop in the forest.
● Tone :- Tone of the poem is quite and reflective. The speaker
is stopping in the woods on a Snowy Evening, and taking a
time to discuss the details of the scene ahead.
● Feeling:- The feeling of poem is peace and tranquility. The
speaker is enjoying the beauty of the snowy woods and the
quite of the evening. Poet uses this line for feeling, “Lovely,
dark, and deep woods”.

7. ● Sense:- The sense of the poem is that there are moments of beauty and
peace in life that we should stop and appreciat. Frost uses symbolism to
convey this sense, such as when he says, “The woods are lovely, dark
and deep”.
● Intention:- we all are sometimes tempted by the beauty of nature to stop
there for a long time but the work which is to be done by us remains us
of our duty and we do not stop for a long time where that beautiful
place is. This truth of life is conveyed by the poet through the present
poem.
● And another is importance of continuing on with lifes and the journey of
life.

8. Two Kinds of Metaphors
● Richard's says, “Metaphor is a semi-surreptitious method by which a greater
variety of elements can be brought into the fabric of the experience”. The
metaphorical meaning arises from the inner- relations of sense, tone, feeling
and intention.
● Richards give two parts of Methaphor - Tenor and Vehicle
● Tenor canbe equated with subject ( the person, place, or thing ).
● Vehicle is a subsidiary Subject. ( What is representing the tenor)
● One example from As you like it (play) , All the World's a stage, And all the men
and women merely players. In this line “the world” is a tenor and “a stage” is
vehicle. And “men and women” is a secondary tenor, “players” is the
secondary vehicle.
● This methaphor suggests that life is like a play, with people playing different
roles and performing for an audience.

9. Examples of Two kinds of Metaphors by
ChatGPT

10. Conclusion
● Richard's Theory of Metaphors and four types of meaning in
language discribe the importance of language in shaping our vision
and understanding of literature.

11. Work Citation
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "tenor and vehicle". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Sep.
1999, https://www.britannica.com/art/tenor-literature. Accessed 14 March 2023.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "I.A. Richards". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Feb.
2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/I-A-Richards. Accessed 14 March 2023.
Bilsky, Manuel. “I. A. Richards’ Theory of Metaphor.” Modern Philology, vol. 50, no. 2, 1952, pp.
130–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/435560. Accessed 14 Mar. 2023.
https://www.academia.edu/41923961/The_principles_of_Literary_Criticism_I_A_Richards.

12. Thank You