The document discusses biosorption as a method for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It provides background on heavy metal sources and threshold limits. Biosorption offers advantages over conventional removal methods as it is efficient, cheap, and can operate under a wide range of conditions. The process involves selective binding of metal ions to microbial cell surfaces. Common biosorbents discussed are algae, fungi, and bacteria, which contain functional groups that bind metals. Factors affecting biosorption include pH, biomass concentration, metal concentration and temperature. Equilibrium models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin are used to characterize biosorption isotherms. While biosorption shows promise, challenges include early saturation and regener

1. Biosorption of Heavy
Metals
Parvathy A 1, RUBEENA S*
department of biotechnology, sctce tvm.
09-03-2016
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2. Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals Source
Threshold
limit value
(mg/m3)
Arsenic Pesticides 0.5
Cadmium Welding 0.2
Lead Paint 0.2
Manganese Fuel addition 5
Chromium Mines 1
Copper
Mining,
chemical
industry
1
Mercury
Pesticides,
batteries
0.01
Zinc Refineries 5 2
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3. • Limitation
• Tedious
• Time consuming
• Expensive.
SO AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD
IS NECESSARY
Removal
Technology
Extraction
Ion
exchange
Others
Evaporati
on Biosorption
A solution for eliminating the
tedious heavy metal removing
process
Removal of Heavy metals
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4. A physiochemical process that involves selective sequestering of metal soluble species
which result in the immobilization of microbial cells.
 Efficient
 Cheap
 Problem of disposal of nutrients not present.
 Very rapid and takes place between a few minutes
to a few hours.
 A wider range of operating conditions such as pH,
temperature and metal concentration is possible.
 No aseptic conditions are required.
Biosorption
Sorbent Sorbate
 The metal biosorption process involves a two-step
process.
 In the first step metal ions are adsorbed to the cell
surface by interactions between metals and
functional groups displayed on the cell surface.
 In second step due to active biosorption metals
penetrates into the cell wall.
Biosorption
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5. Cellwall
OH
NH2
SH
SO3H
COOH
Heavy
metals
Biosorption Process
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6. Biosorption Mechanisms
Metabolism dependent Non-Metabolism dependent
Transport across cell
membrane
Physical
adsorption
Precipitation Ion exchange Complexation
Types of Mechanisms
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7. Biosorption Mechanisms
Intracellular Accumulation Extracellular
accumulation/precipitation
Transport across cell
membrane
ComplexationIon exchange Physical
adsorption
Precipitation
Cell surface
accumulation/precipitation
Types of Mechanisms
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Transport across cell membrane is common to both type of
mechanisms intracellular and metaboliosm dependent

8.  pH
 Biomass concentration
 Metal ion concentration
 Temperature
Factors
Biomass
concentration
pH
Metal ion
concentration
Temperature
Factors affecting Biosorption
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9.  Materials used for removing metallic element from aqueous solutions.
 My paper mainly focusses on three type of biosorbents namely
1. Algae
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
Biosorbents
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10. • Because of their large surface
area and high binding affinity
they have been reported to
effectively remove metals from
waste water.
• High uptake capacities, similar
to commercial ion-exchange
resins and their availability in
nearly unlimited amounts from
the ocean
Algae Optimum pH
range
Adsorbed metals
Laminaria
japonica
4.3-6.5 Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+
and Zn2+.
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
6 Copper and lead
Oedogonium sp. 5 Cu, Co, Cr, Fe,
Hg, Ni, Zn, and
U.
Ulothrix
cylindricum
6 As(III)
Algae as Biosorbents
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11. • Economical and constant supply
source of biomass to remove metal
ions from waste water
• Can easily grow in substantial
amounts using unsophiscated
fermentation techniques
• Can also easily grow using
inexpensive growth media
Fungi pH range Metal
adsorbed
Fungalia trogii 6 Hg2+, Cd2+ and
Zn2+
Trametes
versicolor
6 Cu2+, Pb+ and
Zn2+,
Rhizopuscohni
i
4.5 - 6.5 cadmium
Fungi as Biosorbents
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12. • The bacterial cell wall is the first
effective compartment for adsorbing
heavy metal particles because it
contains many anionic functional
groups, capable of binding to heavy
metals, such as peptidoglycan,
teichoic acids, phospholipids and
lipopolysaccharides
Bacteria pH range Metals
adsorbed
Tsukamurella
paurometabola
6 Cd2+ and
Zn2+
Thermophilic
bacteria
2.3 strontium
Bacillus sp. 6.0 cadmium
and
nickel
Geobacillus toebii 3.0-6.0 Cd2+,
Cu2+,
Ni2+, Zn2+
and Mn2+
Bacteria as Biosorbents
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13.  Isotherms are characterized by definite parameters; their values express the
surface properties and affinity of biosorbent for different heavy metal ions.
 Three of them are referred here -Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin
 qe = qmbLCe/(1+bLCe)- Langmuir
 qe =kfCe
1/n - Freundlich
 qe = RTlnatCe/(bt) – Temkin
Equilibrium Models for Biosorption
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14. Disadvantages of Biosorption
• Early saturation
• Potential for biological process improvement is limited
• Re-generation of biosorbent materials
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15. Desorption
 A substance is released from or through a
surface
 Desorption can be carried out by applying
• Temperature
• Electrode potential
• Ion-exchange chemicals
Substrate
Absorption
Desorption
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16. Biosorption & Bio-degradation
Sl No Biosorption Bio-degradation
1 A physiochemical process that occurs naturally in
biomass, which allows it to passively concentrate
and bind contaminants onto its cellular structure
biologically catalyzed reduction in
complexity of chemical compounds
(i.e.)
simply means to be consumed by
microorganism
2 Mainly for Inorganic metals & ions Mainly for organic materials such as
plastics
3 It is an alternative to ion exchange resins, which
cost ten times more than biosorbents
Accelerate the degradation process than
the conventional process
4 For removal of pollutants Biodegradable technology is concerned
with the manufacturing science of
biodegradable materials
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17. • A useful and effective alternative against the conventional system
• From studies it is inferred that the microbial cells retain the activity in an optimum
pH range and depend on other factors like concentration of metal ion and
biomass. This will help in identifying the suitable biosorbent for biosorption
process.
• Even though this is a cumbersome task, engineers are actively working to
develop a biosorption optimization by modelling
Conclusion
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18. Thanks to
• Professor in-charge for valuable guidance and support – Miss Rubeena s
• Head of the department P.P Thomas
• Principle, SCT - Jayasudha
• Team Members & Friends
Acknowledgement
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21. Will make a Pollution free world
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