About the Brain Gate Technology for the patients who lost their limb.

1. BrainGate Technology
Presented by
N. Premnath
31607104
2nd Semester
M.tech., Instrumentation
Department of Physics

2. INTRODUCTION
• Brain gate is an brain implant system designed to help lost their
limbs, or other bodily functions like patients with spinal cord
injury.
• The chip contains an internal signal sensor and external processor
that converts neural signals into an output signal or we can say
thoughts are directly converted into computer control. This
technology is based on to sense, transmit, analysis and apply the
language of neurons.

3. PRINCIPLE
• The principle of operation of the BrainGate neural Interface
System is that with intact brain function, neural signals are
generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and
legs.
• Conversion of Internal neural signals into output signal under
the users control by using an 100 Electrode-Chip.

4. Motor cortex and its importance in BrainGate
Technology
• The Motor cortex is the region of the
cerebral cortex involved in the planning,
control, and execution of voluntary
movements.
• Classically the motor cortex is an area of
the frontal lobe located in the posterior
percentral gyrus immediately anterior to
the central sulcus.

5. Motor cortex and its importance in BrainGate
Technology
The Motor cortex can be divided into three areas:
• Primary motor cortex, is the main contributor to generating
neural impluses that pass down to the spinal cord and control
the execution of movement.
• Premotor cortex, is responsible for some aspects of motor
control, possible including the preparation for movement, the
sensory guidance of movement.

6. Motor cortex and its importance in BrainGate
Technology
• Supplementary motor area(SMA), has many proposed
functions including the internally generated planning of
movement, the planning of sequences of movement, and the
coordination.

7. Brainwave
Brainwave speed is measured in Hertz (Cycles per second) and they
are divided into bands delineating slow, moderate and fast waves.
Delta waves (.5 to 3Hz):
• Delta brainwaves are slow, loud brainwaves.
• They are generated in deepest meditation and dreamless sleep.
• Delta waves suspend external awareness and are the source of
empathy.
• Healing and regeneration are stimulated in this state, and that is why
deep restorative sleep is so essential to the healing process.

8. Brainwave
Theta waves (3 to 8Hz):
• It acts as our gateway to learning and memory.
• The frequency range is involved in daydreaming and sleep.
• Theta waves are connected to us experiencing and feeling deep and
raw emotions.
• Theta has its benefits of helping improve our intuition, creativity and
make us feel more natural.

9. Brainwave
Alpha waves (8 to 12 Hz):
• Alpha brainwaves are dominant during quietly flowing thoughts and
in meditative states.
• Alpha is ‘The power of now’, being here, in the present.
• Alpha waves aid overall mental coordination, calmness, alertness,
mind/body integration and learning.

10. Brainwave
Beta waves (12 to 38 Hz):
• Beta brainwaves dominate our normal waking state of consciousness
when attention is directed towards coginitive tasks and the outside
world.
• Beta is a ‘fast’ activity, present when we are alert, attentive, engaged
in problem solving, judging, decision making and engaged in
focused mental activity.

11. Brainwave
Gamma waves (38 to 42 Hz):
• Gamma brainwaves are the fastest of brain waves and relate to
simultaneous processing of information from different brain areas.

12. Brainwave
When an individual awakes from a deep sleep in preparation for
getting up, their brainwave frequencies will increase through the
different specific stages of brainwave activity. That is, they will
increase from delta to theta and then to alpha and finally, when the
alarm goes off, into beta.

13. Materials needed:
Neuro Chips
• A Chip in the braingate system uses 100 hair thin electrodes.
• It sense electromaganetic signature of Neutrons.
• The sensor consists of a tiny chip smaller than a baby aspirin.

14. Overview of fabrication of Neuro Chips
• The flexible microelectrode array was fabricated using a multi-
layer process.
• First layer, containing doped silicon ribbons on polymide.
• Second layer containing horizontal and vertical interconnects on
polymide, subsequent layers composed of vertical interconnect
access structures encapsulated in polymide or epoxy and finally
platinum contact electrodes.
• The polymide backbone allowed the device to be able to be folded
and slid into the medial areas of the cerebral hemispheres.

15. Sensing Technique
Sensing
Techniques
Invasive ECOG
Non-
Invasive
EEG

16. Electrocorticography
• Electrocorticography(ECoG) measures the electrical activity of the
brain taken from beneath the skull.
• The electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed
above the cortex, beneath the dura mater.

17. Electroencephalography
• Electroencephalography (EEG), the recording is obtained the
placing electrodes on the scalp with conductive gel or paste.

18. Working
• The Brain Gate neural interface device is a propriety brain
computer interface that consist of an Inter neural signal sensor and
External Processors.
• The sensor consists of a tiny chip containing 100 microscopic
electrodes that detect brain cell electrical activity.
• The Chip is implanted on the surface of brain in the motor cortex
area that controls movement.

19. Working
• External Processors convert neural signals into an output signal
under the users own control.
• In the pilot version of the device, a cable connects the sensor to an
external processor in a cart that contains computers.
• The computers translate brain activity and create the
communication ouput using custom decoding software.

21. Brain Gate Research in Human
• Mathew-Nagel the first person to use the brain-computer interface
to restore functionality lost due to paralysis.

22. Advantages
• Controlling remote devices.
• Making and receiving telephone calls.
• Accessing the internet.
• Turn on or off the lights.
• Control robotic arm.
• Watch and control television.
• Use the PC.
• Locking or unlocking doors.
• Motorized wheelchair.

23. Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Risky Surgery.
• Not Wireless yet.
• Difficulty in adaptation and learning.
• Limitation in information transform rate.
The latest technology is 20 bits/min.

24. Conclusion
• The invention of Brain Gate is such a revolution in medical field.
The remarkable breakthrough offers hope that people who are
paralyzed will one day be able to independently operate artificial
limbs, computers or wheelchairs.
• The idea of moving robots or prosthetic devices not by manual
control, but by mere “Thinking” (i.e., the brain activity of human
subjects) has been a fascinated approach.

25. Reference
• “Brain computer Interfaces: where Human and Machine meet”,
Published by IEEE Computer Society, IEEE 2007.
• “Real-world Applications for Brain-Computer Interface
Technology”, Melody M.Moore, IEEE Transactions on Neural
Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, June 2003.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_brain-computer_interface.

26. THANK YOU