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Sustainable Policies for Public Open Spaces
1. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
MSc Development Policy and Planning
Course: PL 556: Comparative Development Policy Experience (Serminar)
Topic: Features of sustainable policies forpublic open spaces and their
promotion in Ghana
Presented by Group 1
Adwoa Konadu-Oware
Kwabena Boateng Mensah
Owusu Dennis
21/03/2017 1
2. Order of Presentation
โข Introduction
โข Problem Statement
โข Objectives
โข Definition of Terms
โข Importance of Public Open Space (POS
โข Global Attention to POS
โข POS Planning Models
โข Classification of POS
โข Policies for Protecting POS โ the United States Model
โข Features of sustainable Policies for POS
โข POS in Ghana
โข Challenges of POS in Ghana
โข Suggestions for Promoting Sustainable Policies for POS in Ghana
โข General Recommendations
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3. Introduction
โข Growing trend of urban areas โ being home to over half of worldโs population
(European Union, 2010)
โข 75% of Europeans live in cities and urban areas, and by 2020 this is expected to
rise to 80%.
โข 50.9% of Ghanaโs total population (24, 658, 823) is urban with 366 urban localities
(GSS, 2012)
โข Urban life has associated benefits - people have access to a better quality of life,
more job opportunities and other social and economic advantages
โข Yet urban life is not without challenges - Overcrowding, traffic pollution and
noise, and industrial emissions
โข There is therefore contradiction in the urban equation
โข Improving quality of urban life is therefore major policy making objective
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4. Introduction
โข Public Open spaces are a vital ingredient of successful urban areas
โข They demonstrate commitment to the notion of โpublicโ in cities
โข By increasing access to the urban commons and public good, preventing
private appropriation and expanding the scope for improved quality of life
for all
โข Yet unmanaged and/or public space deficiencies is common to many cities
(Anderson, 2016).
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5. Problem Statement
โข According to the Ghana 2010 Population and Housing Census, 37.7 percent of households
dispose of their solid waste in open space (GSS, 2012)
โข Most of the open spaces in Accra and Kumasi are hijacked by street hawkers during the day
time (Boakye Marful, 2012).
โข Most public open space have become a haven for prostitutes, armed robbers and other
miscreants and almost a prohibited zone for the target group (Boakye Marful, 2012)
โข Recreational and learning ground for kids in most communities have been encroached
upon (Boakye Marful, 2012)
โข Rapid depletion of public open and green spaces, in Kumasi for example, โ only 10.7% of
total land area of Kumasi (Amoako and Korboe, 2011, see Addo-Fordwuor, 2014).
โข public space has not been given the attention it deserves despites its importance in
promoting sustainable urban development
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6. Objectives
โข To identify features of sustainable policies for public open spaces
โข To suggest effective strategies for promoting sustainable policies for public
open spaces in Ghana.
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7. Methodology
โข Primary Data โ open ended interview with postgraduate architecture
students of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
โข Observations and picture taking of public open spaces on KNUST campus
โข Secondary data: review of policy and guidelines documents on open space
in Ghana, United States and other countries.
โข Information from journals
โข Analysis
โข Identification of common themes in literature on
โข features of sustainable policies for public open space
โข Criteria for quality of public open space
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8. Definition of Terms
โข urban area: variously defined according to;
โข Population of an area
โข Majority of workforce engage in non-farm activities
โข Administrative/legal demarcation
โข Functions of the city โ extent of influence (economic) of the area
โข An urban area as a system that covers many different spatial interests (Cafuta, 2015).
โข In Ghana, an urban centre (town) is any settlement with a population of 5000 or more
(MLGRD, 2012)
โข Sustainable City: an urban area that maximizes socio-economic benefits while meeting
constraint conditions of the environment and socio-economic equity on a permanent
basis (Mori et al., 2015 see Cafuta, 2015)
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9. Public Open Space Defined
โข Some definitions of public space focus on;
โข Design of public spaces
โข Common good and accessibility
โข Ownership โ publicly or privately owned
โข Profit motive
โข Capacity to attract urban residents (UN-Habitat, 2015)
โข Some definitions consider open space as all land that does not contain buildings and structures.
โข The Malaysia Town and Country Planning Act 1976 defines public open space as โany land
whether enclosed or not which is laid out or reserved for laying out wholly or partly as a public
garden, park sports and recreation ground, pleasure ground, walk or as a public place (Nochian et
al. 2015)
โข Essentially, however, open space are often associated with urban areas to refer to โurban open
spacesโ
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10. โข However for the purpose of this study, the definition provided by the
Public Space Charter (See UN-Habitat, 2015) will be adapted
โข โPublic spaces are all places publicly owned or of public use, accessible
and enjoyable by all for free and without a profit motive.
โข the term โpublicโ, connotes publicly accessible open spaces which
exclude private open spaces such as backyards and gardens (Nochian et
al. 2015)
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11. Importance of Public Open Spaces
Two major groupings of the importance of public open spaces are;
โข For recreation and other services to society
โข Conservation of natural values (Maruani and Amit-Cohen, 2007)
Other specific importance
โข Public space supports the economy โ e.g. tourism, avenues for informal business
โข Public Space contributes to a sense of civic cohesion and citizenship โ public access
โข Public space fosters social and cultural interaction - nature watching and social activities
โข Public space improves health and well-being - relaxation, and sport
โข Public space increases mobility
โข Public space improves the environment21/03/2017 11
12. Global Attention to Public Open Space
โข the 23rd Session of the Governing Council of The United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN-Habitat) in 2011, mandated UN-Habitat to consolidate agency-wide work on
public space, to develop and promote public space policy, coordination, disseminate knowledge
and directly assist cities in public space initiatives
โข The establishment of Global Programme on Public Space by UN-Habitat in 2012
โข the Future of Places (FoP) initiative in 2013-15 to raise awareness around the public space
agenda on a global level (Andersson, 2016)
โข the adoption of the 2016-2030 Sustainable Development Goals
๏Goal 11: โBuild cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.โ
๏Target 11.7: โby 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and
public spaces, particularly for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilitiesโ.
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13. Classification of public spaces
โข Classes of public spaces according to level of guarantee of maximum access and
versatility are (UN-Habitat, 2015) :
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Class Description Types
Streets as Public Spaces โข publicly-owned and maintained,
โข accessible and enjoyable by all
without charge
โข Accessible at all hours, day and
night
โข most versatile โ can host
๏ open-air markets,
๏ performances,
๏ events,
๏ political rallies, demonstrations and
๏ informal sector activities
โข Streets
โข avenues and boulevards
โข Squares and plazas
โข Pavements
โข Passages and galleries
โข Bicycle paths
14. Public Open Spaces โข available to all without charge
โข normally publicly owned and
maintained
โข Mostly accessible during daylight
hours only .
โข Parks
โข Gardens
โข Playgrounds
โข Public beaches
โข Riverbanks and waterfronts
Public Urban Facilities โข high maintenance public facilities
โข publicly owned and maintained
โข accessible to users without any
charge
โข accessible during daylight hours or
operating hours in many cases
โข Public libraries
โข Civic/community centres
โข Municipal markets
โข Public sports facilities
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15. Criteria of quality public space
โข Protection against traffic accidents
โข Protection against crime and violence
โข Protection against unpleasant sense experiences
โข Possibilities for walking
โข Possibilities for standing
โข Possibilities for sitting
โข Possibilities to see
โข Small-scale services
โข Designing for enjoying positive climate elements
โข Designing for positive sense experiences
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16. Open Space Planning Models
โข Opportunistic Model
Open spaces are provided as and when opportunities pop-up rather than a systematic planning
process
Opportunities
๏donations of landscape by the public
๏Demolition of slums
๏Space left over after planning
โข Space Standards model
Provides open space based on standardized minimal size of open space for a given population. It
expresses land units per person
It takes into consideration factors such as;
โข Spatial distribution
โข Residential densities and types of activities
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17. Open Space Planning Models
โข Garden City Model โ Comprehensive planning model
๏ผRegards open space as an integral part of development
๏ผAspires for comprehensive urban planning through;
๏Land reforms, cooperativism (socioeconomic)
๏Creating buffers between residential zones and pollution sources (environmental)
โข Creating radial urban structure with open spaces as central parks, green figures
between neighborhoods and as peripheral greenbelts (structural) (Muruani and
Amit-Cohen, 2007)
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18. Policies for Protecting Public Open Spaces โ the United
States Example
โข Policies for Public Open Spaces are categorized into
โข Acquisition Policies
โข Regulatory Policies
โข Incentive-based Policies (Bengston et al., 2003).
โข Acquisition Policies
โข Where the public at local, regional and national levels secure (buys) parks,
recreation areas, forests, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, environmentally
sensitive areas, greenways, and others for the creation and expansion of
public open spaces
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19. Policies for Protecting Public Open Spaces โ the United
States Example
โข Regulatory Policies
โข Laws that require for example developers to set aside environmentally sensitive areas
(such as steep slopes, ๏ฌoodplains, and buffers around wetlands and streambeds) and
โข Make provisions for areas for parks and play๏ฌelds
โข Cluster zoning Laws: laws that require houses to be concentrated together on small lots
on a particular part of a parcel of land, leaving the remainder in open space โ (American
Farmland Trust, 1997).
โข Downzoning or large-lot zoning Laws: requires minimum lot sizes large enough to
discourage residential development (Nelson and Duncan, 1995).
โข Exclusive agricultural or forestry zoning, or agricultural protection: Land is zoned only
for agricultural or forestry use and other types of land uses are restricted or not allowed
(American Farmland Trust, 1997, see Bengston et al., 2003).
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20. Features of sustainable policies for public open spaces
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Social
โข Everybodyโs
citizen right is
guaranteed
โข Citizensโ
participation
โข Avenue for
expressing public
sentiments
Environment
al
โข Considers
Biodiversity
โข Protects
environment
โข Preserves the
environment
โข Favours less
energy
consumption
Economic
Attracts and promote formal and
informal business
Sustainable
Policies for
POS
21. Public Open spaces in Ghana
โข Ghanaโs National Policy objective on Public Open space is to;
โข Protect open spaces, green belts, forest reserves, water bodies, wetlands,
water catchment areas and other ecologically sensitive areas from physical
development and urban encroachment (MLGRD, 2015)
Policies/Activities include;
โข Prepare structure plans with clear definition of protection measures for open spaces,
green belts and other ecologically sensitive areas
โข Secure designated open lands by purchase, legislation
โข Develop and use open spaces, green belts and other ecologically sensitive areas (i) for
recreation and urban farming; (ii) to enhance visual amenity; and (iii) to promote
microclimate control as appropriate (MLGRD, 2015)
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22. Policies for Environmental Management in Ghana
Policy Objectives Related to POS
ZONING GUIDELINES AND PLANNING STANDARDS,
2011
โข specifies all land developments zones that should
or should not have open spaces
โข To ensure that an adequate level of open spaces will
be intermixed with development
NATIONAL URBAN POLICY FRAMEWORK, 2012 โข Protect open spaces, green belts, forest reserves,
water bodies, wetlands, water catchment areas and
other ecologically sensitive areas from physical
development and urban encroachment
RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONE POLICY FOR
MANAGING FRESHWATER BODIES IN GHANA, 2011
โข ensuring that all designated buffer zones along river
s, streams, lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies
shall be sustainably managed for all
โข Allows exceptionally the development of open
recreation in riparian buffer zones
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23. Public Open spaces in Ghana
โข Colour code for open spaces in Ghana is mid green (MEST, 2011)
โข In Ghana, lands zoned for Public open Space are primarily intended for informal or
casual recreation pursuits.
โข Public Open Spaces (MEST, 2011) in Ghana include;
โข parks and gardens,
โข small play areas for children, and
โข open areas used for buffers between industrial and other land use activities.
โข areas adjacent to streams and major drains
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24. Development for Public Open Spaces Zones in Ghana
Permitted Uses Prohibited Uses
โข Parks and gardens
โข Ancillary uses associated with use of POS
โข Cultivated areas where approved
โข Car par
โข Industrial
โข Commercial
โข Residential
โข Warehousing
โข Any development that obstruct natural drainage
โข Construction on flood overspill areas
โข Slaughterhouse facilities
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26. Challenges of Public Open Places in Ghana
โข Laxity in the enforcement of development controls
โข Non-existence or encroachment of demarcated public open spaces โ e.g.
nonexistence of delineated public park at Patasi in Kumasi metropolis
(Hammond, 2011 in Makufwe, 2014)
โข poor capacities of mandated institutions to control the physical development
due to lack of resources (Korboe, 2001 in Makufwe, 2014)
โข uncooperative attitudes of the general public towards the preservation of public
open spaces
โข poor perception of the general public on open spaces as resources that they are
not responsible for their upkeep.
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27. Suggestions for promoting sustainable policies for POS
in Ghana
โข Participation: Citizens, traditional authorities should be actively involved in the creation
and maintenance of POS in urban areas in Ghana. To define their use and manage access
to space
โข Ownership: Government (Local Government) of urban centres should expropriate more
areas for POS to expand POS in urban areas. However laws on ownership of POS should
be clearly spelt and pursued
โข Incentives should be given to developers and neighborhoods which create and protect
POS in urban areas
โข Effort should be made to support and develop new urban centres to prevent the
sprawling of existing urban centres which turn to disregard POS during expansion
โข National and local laws on POS should be enforced through special security task force
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28. Recommendations
โข Civil Society Organisations and Community Based Organisation and other pressure groups
should be engaged in partnership with Urban Authorities in establishing, retaining and
improving open spaces
โข Design of network of public spaces as part of development plans
โข Urban Authorities should liaise with traditional authorities and customary land owners to
earmark lands for open spaces and also develop ecologically sensitive areas such as flood
prone areas in urban centres as open spaces.
โข Urban Authorities should protect lands designated as open spaces as โoff limitโ to
developers
โข Urban Authorities and the CSOs should generate awareness on the value and utility of
open spaces by increasing mass media and public education in schools and public places.
โข Promoting investment in public spaces as a driver for economic and social development,
considering urban-rural linkages
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