The document discusses mainstreaming biodiversity ahead of the Convention on Biological Diversity COP13. It defines biodiversity as species, ecosystems, and their interactions, which provide crucial services for human well-being. Biodiversity is declining globally due to threats like habitat loss, climate change, and pollution. The CBD's Aichi Biodiversity Targets aim to address these threats by mainstreaming biodiversity protection across governments and societies. While policy tools and funding are increasing, more ambitious action is still needed to fully mainstream biodiversity concerns into decision-making.

1. MOVING TOWARDS
MAINSTREAMING
OECD perspectives on biodiversity
ahead of CBD COP13
Katia Karousakis
OECD Environment Directorate
Green Talk, 29 November 2016

2. • Why is biodiversity important?
• CBD COP13 – and mainstreaming biodiversity
• Insights and perspectives from the OECD
Overview

3. • Biodiversity is life on earth
 species
 ecosystems
 and the interactions between these
What is biodiversity ?

4. Biodiversity is on the decline…
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1970 2010 2050
Global terrestrial mean species abundance
Source: OECD (2012), OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction

5. Global trends in the state of world
marine fish stocks, 1974-2013
Source: FAO (2016) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.

6. • Biodiversity and associated ecosystems provide
services that are crucial for human wellbeing
 Pollination
 Water and nutrient cycling
 Natural hazard protection
 Soil stabilisation
 Climate regulation
 others…
Why is biodiversity important?

7. What are the pressures on biodiversity?
Terrestrial
biodiversity
Marine
biodiversity
Land-use change and Overfishing
management
Habitat destruction
Over-exploitation of natural
resources
Pollution
Climate change
Invasive alien species

8. • Strategic Goal A: Address underlying causes of biodiversity loss
by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society
• Strategic Goal B: Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and
promote sustainable use
• Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by
safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
• Strategic Goal D: Enhance benefits to all from biodiversity and
ecosystem services
• Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through
participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity
building
8
Convention on Biological Diversity and the
Aichi Biodiversity Targets: 5 Goals, 20 Targets

9. 9
Examples of Aichi Biodiversity Targets
3. By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to
biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize
or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied…
20. By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively
implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, … should
increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes
contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.
11. By 2020, at least 17 % of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 % of coastal and
marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem
services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically
representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-
based conservation measures…
5. By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at
least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and
fragmentation is significantly reduced

10. Regulatory (command
and control)
approaches
Economic instruments Information and
voluntary approaches
Restrictions or prohibitions
on use (e.g. CITES)
Price-based instruments
- taxes, charges/fees,
subsidies
Eco-labelling & certification
Access restrictions or
prohibitions (e.g. protected
areas)
Reform of environmentally
harmful subsidies
Green public procurement
Permits & quotas
(e.g. logging/fishing)
Payments for Ecosystem
Services
Voluntary approaches
(negotiated agreements)
Quality, quantity, and
design standards
Biodiversity
offsets/biobanking
Corporate environmental
accounting
Spatial planning (land use
and marine)
Tradable permits (fishing)
Liability instruments
Policy instruments for biodiversity
conservation and sustainable use
Source: OECD (2013), Scaling-up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity

11. • Policy Instruments for the Environment database
– including on biodiversity (e.g. taxes, charges, fees;
tradable permits; and more)
• Government support to agriculture (PSE/CSE database)
• Government support to fisheries
• Biodiversity related development finance via the DAC
Rio markers (CRS database)
(Some of the) Things we collect
information on…which help to track trends

12. Revenues from environmentally related taxes
in % GDP and % total tax revenue, 2014
USD 2.04 billion per year = revenue from biodiversity-relevant taxes in OECD
countries (only 0.5% of the total revenue from environmentally relevant taxes)

13. Agricultural support
Source: OECD Secretariat calculations based on OECD PSE/CSE database, 2016.
See OECD (2013) Policy Instruments to Support Green Growth in Agriculture.
OECD agricultural support to farmers by potential environmental impact
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
USD mn Most harmful Least harmful Other
Potentially most environmentally harmful

14. Most fisheries support is for general
services, mainly management
Transfers to Individual
Fishers USD 618 million
General Services,
USD 2 953 million
Cost
Recovery
USD -166 mn
ReportedFSE
USD3405million
*19 countries reporting, excludes fuel tax concessions (2012 data)

15. Bilateral biodiversity-related Official
Development Assistance (ODA)
Two-year averages and shares of total bilateral ODA
Source: OECD DAC CRS statistics, updated November 2016. Data for 2015 is provisional
2.3
1.6
2.8
2.0
4.0
1.3
2.3
3.5
4.0
4.7
3% 3%
5%
5%
6%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2006-2007 2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015
USDbillion,commitments,constant2014prices
Significant Principal Biodiversity as % of total bilateral ODA

16. • Yes, but slowly
• In some countries more than others
• Need more ambitious policies - and more
cost-effective policies
Are we moving towards mainstreaming?

17. • Read more:
www.oecd.org/environment/resources/mainstream-biodiversity
www.oecd.org/environment/resources/biodiversity.htm
Join the discussion:
#MainstreamBiodiversity
Thank you!