learn toefl structure

1. STRUCTURE & WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
Adapted from Academia.edu

2. SUBJECT (SUBJEK) VERB (KATA KERJA) ADJECTIVES (KATA
SIFAT)
ADVERB (KATA
KETERANGAN)
1. Noun (kata benda):
Nama orang, book,
chair, table,
acceptance, credibility,
etc (dll).
1.
- Reguler: bentuk
lampau
ditambahkan -ed.
Contoh: explain,
explained,
explained
- Irregular: drink,
drank, drunk. Eat,
ate, eaten.
1. Beautiful,
handsome, dilligent,
red, yellow, green,
tired, sleepy, hard,
easy, great, good,
happy, sad, amazing,
light, heavy, etc (dll)
1. Keterangan
tempat:
- At school, in the bus,
at hospital, under the
chair, on the table,
here, outside, inside,
etc .
2. Phrase (Frasa):
- The yellow card
- The girl who reads
- The computer
founded in 1989
- The professor who
passed away on
Monday
2. To be:
- Am, is, are
- Was, were
3. Auxiliary verb :
- will, can, may,
must, be, have,
has, do, does, shall
- Would, could,
might, had, did,
should
2. Keterangan waktu:
- On Monday, last
week, today, this
morning, early
morning, in the night,
usually, often, seldom,,
sometimes, once in a
while, never, etc.

3. Noun (N)
Harry, boy,
wheat
Verb (V)
arrive,
discuss,
melt
Adjective (A)
good,
tall,
silent
Adverb (Adv)
silently,
slowly,
quietly

4. Determiner (Det)
the, a, this,
these
Auxiliary (Aux)
will, can, may,
must, be,
have
Preposition (P)
to, in, on,
near, at, by
Conjunction (Con)
and, but, or

5. NOUN (Kata Benda)
Yang konkrit:
book,
cassesette,
clothe.
Yang abstrak:
prosperity,
dilligence,
happiness.

6. Noun Phrase (Frasa Kata Benda)
Kelompok kata yang diakhiri kata benda.
-This summer dress
-The rain coat
-Many air filters
-Few dinner plates
-Some plastic bags
-Five paper bags
-A library book
-The information
technology
-College student
-Economy politics
-Modern society
-Social class

7. Noun Clauses (Klausa Kata Benda)
• Klausa yang mengandung S (subjek) dan V (verb).
• Fungsinya untuk menggantikan noun (kata benda).
Contoh:
- She believes I can do it
Noun Clause
- I don’t remember they woke up late
Noun Clause
- I know you don’t lie about the news
Noun Clause

8. VERB & VERB PHRASE

9. Subject-Noun-Verb-Agreement
Subject Simple Present
I, you, we, they work / go / drinks /study
He, she, it Works / goes / drinks / studies
He go
Some dictionary
Some child

10. TENSES
Bentuk Waktu

11. SENTENCE TENSE FORMULA USE TO
a. Mother goes to mini
market.
a. Simple
Present
S + V Tindakan sekarang
Kebiasaan
Fakta umum
b. Mother is going to mini
market.
b. Present
Continuous.
S + TO BE + V +
ING
Hal yang sedang terjadi sekarang
Hal yang akan datang
c. Mother went to mini
market, yesterday at 1.00
pm.
c. Simple
Past.
S + V2 Hal yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu,
(keterangan waktu spesifik)
d. Larkin has gone to St. Louis d. Present
Perfect.
S + HAS/HAVE +
V3
Hal yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu,
(keterangan waktu tidak spesifik)
Terjadi berkali-kali di masa lalu
Terjadi di masa lalu sampai sekarang
Verb & Verb Phrase

12. SENTENCE TENSE FORMULA USE TO
e. Mother was going to
mini market.
e. Past
Progressive.
S + WAS/WERE + V-
ING
Sesuatu yang sedang terjadi di masa lalu
f. Mother had gone to mini
market.
f. Past Perfect. S + HAD + V3 Sesuatu yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu
setelah/sebelum suatu kejadian
g. Mother will go to mini
market.
g. Future. S + WILL + V Yang akan terjadi di masa depan
h. Mother is going to go to
mini market.
h. Be going to. S + TO BE + GOING
TO + V
Yang akan terjadi di masa depan
i. Mother will have gone to
mini market.
i. Future
Perfect.
S + WILL + HAVE +
V3
Yang akan terjadi di masa depan

13. Positive and Negative Sentence
They go to work.
They do not go to work
She goes to work.
She does not go to work
We go to work. We don’t go to work.
He … to work. He … to work.

14. Question Sentence
Does she go to work?
… I have a dictionary?
They go to work. Do they go to work?
She goes to work. Does she go to work?
We go to work.
… we … to work?
He goes to work.
… he … to work?

15. To be + -ing
Mei is going into the office.
Mei is not going into the office.
Mei, Christin and Dian are
going into the office.
Mei, Christin and Dian are not going
into the office.
You … into the office.
You … into the office.

16. Mei is counting the finance
report.
Is Mei counting the finance
report?
Mei, Christin and Dian are going
into the office. Are Mei, Christin and Dian
going into the office?
You are going into the office.
... you … into the office?

19. ADJECTIVES & ADJECTIVES
PHRASE

20. ADJECTIVES (Kata Sifat)
• Menjelaskan atau membatasi noun (kata benda).
Contoh:
- The girl is beautiful.
- I like a polite child.

21. Jenis-Jenis Adjectives
Adjectives Examples
AGE (UMUR) old, young, elderly
COLOUR (WARNA) brown, yellow, red
SIZE (UKURAN) big, small, tiny, huge, short,
tall, fat, thin
OPINION (PENDAPAT) beautiful, wonderful, poor,
rich, lazy, dilligent, hard, easy,
funny, serious.
SHAPE (BENTUK) triangular, circular, oval
MATERIAL (BAHAN) wooden, golden, plastic, steel,
pearl.
ORIGIN (ASAL) Asmat, Javanese, Chinese,
England, Indonesia

22. ADJECTIVES PHRASES (FRASA KATA
SIFAT)
• Urutan adjectives phrases:
- Opinion + Size + Age + Shape + Colour + Origin + Material
- Contoh:
- Long brown hair
size colour
- A tough old worker
opinion age
- An extreme long winter
opinion size
A yellow expensive
notebook
A big angry bird

23. I like beautiful tall young slim Indian girl.
O S A S O
- This is a great tiny ancient oval yellow Chinese golden
O S A S C O M
mirror.

24. PRONOUNS

25. PRONOUNS (Kata Ganti)
Subject Pronoun
I You We
They He She
It
Complement Pronoun
Me You Him
Her It
Us You Them
They hate
Trump.
Her article
about facism is
posted in
Jakarta Post

26. Possesive Pronouns
Mine Yours His
Hers Its Ours
Yours Theirs
Possesive
Adjectives
My Your
His Her Its
Our Their
She forgot her homework and
I forgot mine too.
Our voices are
ignored.

27. EXERCISE

28. • PRACTICE
• Underline the main subjects and main
verbs!
• 1. My best friend is always helpful with
problems.
• 2. The bus schedule has changed since last
week.
• 3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the
floor.
• 4. The customer paying the clerk for the
clothes.
• 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the
students.
• 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.
• 7. The basketball player tossed the ball into
the hoop.
• 8. The new student in the class very
talkative and friendly.
• 9. Walking with the children to school.
• 10.The whales headed south for the winter.

29. MODIFIER

30. MODIFIER
• Modifier: kata atau frasa yang
menjelaskan kata atau frasa sebelum
atau sesudahnya.
1. The book /that I read now
/belongs to my father.
2. Every monday, Rina goes to school
on foot.
3. The computer /that my uncle buys
from America/ is very expensive.
4. SBY /president of Indonesian
Republic / gives speech in Istana
Negara today.
5. Snakes have an organ in a pit on
their heads that detects infrared
rays.
6. Helium is not inflammable and is
therefore safer than hydorgen.

31. GERUND

32. GERUND
(VERB + ING)
• Contoh: I enjoy studying English
• Fungsi dari Gerund:
1) Sebagai subjek
- Swimming makes us healthy
S V
- Jogging is a good sport
S V

33. 2) Sebagai Objek/Complement:
- Toms enjoys studying
S V O
- My hobby is singing
S V O
3) Mengikuti kata depan (in, on, of, for,
about, after, before, without, by)
- I am interested in learning English
- I am sorry for coming late
- Before leaving, she said nothing

34. 4) Setelah kata ganti milik (my, your,
his, her, our, their, Amir’s, etc).
- Her teaching is fascinating.
- His staring frightens me.
- I hate Tomy’s wearing earings.
5) Setelah kata kerja tertentu.
- admit, appreciate, claim, can’t help,
resume, consider, avoid, delay, deny,
risk, enjoy, finish, quit, resist, suggest,
mind, miss, postpone, practice,
advise, recall, regret, report, recent,
love, forget, hate, like, stop, begin,
remember, continue, try, start.
- Would you mind helping me?
- Do you like traveling ?
- Have you stopped working ?
- He loves playing chesss.
- She forgot celebrating her birthday
here.

35. RELATIVES PRONOUN

36. RELATIVES PRONOUN
RELATIVES
PRONOUN
FUNGSI EXAMPLE
WHO Kata ganti orang - The girl is from Australia
- The girl is my friend
- The girl who is from
Australia is my friend.
WHOSE Kata ganti
kepunyaan
- The boy has car that is
red
- The boy is my brother
- The boy whose car is red
is my brother.
THAT/WHICH Kata ganti benda - My father buy the book
- The book is very cheap
- I study at the university
- The university is very
famous.
- The book that my father
buy is very cheap.
- The university which I
study at is very famous.
WHOM Kata ganti objek - I meet the teacher
- The teacher is very
friendly
- The teacher whom I meet
is very friendly.

37. CONJUNCTION

38. CONJUNCTION
ADDITION CONTRAST RESULT TIME
Also
Besides
Furthermore
In addition to
Moreover
Too
However
On the other hand
But
In contrast to
As a result
Consequently
Therefore
In that case
After a while
Afterwards
Before
Later
Meanwhile
Then
Previously
During
As

39. CONJUNCTION
• And, because, if, therefore, when, after, before, other wise, while,
or, but, for, although, that, dll.

40. MODALS
MODALS PENGGUNAAN CONTOH KALIMAT
May 1. Permintaan sopan
2. Izin formal
3. Kepastian kurang lebih 50%
1. May I borrow your book?
2. You may leav the room
3. Where is John? He may be at the
library
Might 1. Kepastian kurang lebih 50%
2. Permintaan sopan
1. Where is John? He might be at
the library
2. Might I borrow your pen?
Should 1. Anjuran, pendapat, kebaikan 1. I should study tonight
Ought to 1. Anjuran kebaikan 1. I ought to study tonight

41. MODALS

42. MODALS
MODALS PENGGUNAAN CONTOH KALIMAT
Had better 1. Anjuran dengan ancaman akhir
yang buruk
1. You had better be on time, or we
will leave you
Must 1. Keperluan yang kuat
2. Larangan (negatif)
3. Kepastian 95%
1. You must go to class to day
2. You must not open the door
3. Marry is not in class. She must
be sick
Will 1. Kepastian 100%
2. Kemauan, sudi
3. Permintaan, sopan
1. He will be there at 6.00
2. The phone is ringing. I will get
it.
3. Will you please past the salt?

43. MODALS
MODALS PENGGUNAAN CONTOH KALIMAT
Can 1. Kemampuan/kemungkinan
2. Izin informal
3. Ketidakmungkinan (khusus negatif)
1. I can trust you
2. You can use my car tomorrow
3. That can’t be true
Could 1. Kemampuan di masa lampau
2. Permintaan sopan
1. I could run fast when I was a child
2. Could I borrow your pen?
Could you help me?
Would 1. Permintaan sopan
2. Pertanyaan sopan untuk membuat
saran
1. Would please pass the salt?
2. Would you mind if I left early?
Shall 1. Digunakan dalam future
2. Subjeknya I atau We
1. Sally shall arrive at 9.00
2. Shall I open the window?

44. MODALS
MODALS PENGGUNAAN CONTOH KALIMAT
Should 1. Memberi rekomendasi, saran
atau nasihat
2. Menunjukkan kewajiban
1. You should study tonight
2. We should exercise daily
3. Ahmad should go on diet
4. You should see a doctor to
check-up your lungs

45. MODAL + PERSPECTIVE
(MODAL + HAVE + V3/BEEN)
MODAL + PERSPECTIVE PENGGUNAAN KALIMAT
COULD HAVE 1. Menyatakan hal yang
sebenarnya bisa terjadi di masa
lalu
1. He could have eaten ice
cream. (it means he did not
eat the ice cream)
2. She could have asked her
brother to lift the box. (it
means that she lifted the box
her self)
MIGHT HAVE 1. Menyatakan
kemungkinan/dugaan dari apa
yang mungkin terjadi di masa lalu
1. His room was still dirty, he might
have forgotten to clean it. (karena
kamarnya masih kotor mungkin
saja ia lupa membersihkannya)

46. MODAL + PERSPECTIVE
(MODAL + HAVE + V3/BEEN)

47. MODAL + PERSPECTIVE PENGGUNAAN KALIMAT
SHOULD HAVE 1.Menyatakan sesuatu yang
seharusnya terjadi di masa lalu,
namun karena satu dan lain hal itu
tidak terjadi lagi.
1. Serly should have gone to the
party this evening. (it means that
Serly did not go to the party this
evening)
MUST HAVE 1. Menyatakan kesimpulan logis dari
apa yang terjadi di masa lalu.
1. The grass is wet. It must have
rained last night.
2. Dian failed in the test. She must
not have studied.

48. PASSIVE VOICE

49. ACTIVE PASSIVE TENSE
a. He plays badminton. a. Badminton is played by him. a. Simple Present
b. He is playing badminton. b. Badminton is being played by him. b. Present Progressive.
c. He has played badminton. c. Badminton has been played by him. c. Present Perfect.
d. He played badminton. d. Badminton was played by him. d. Simple Past.
e. He was playing badminton. e. Badminton was being played by him. e. Past Progressive.
f. He had played badminton. f. Badminton had been played by him. f. Past Perfect.
g. He will play badminton. g. Badminton will be played by him. g. Simple Future.
h. He is going to play badminton. h. Badminton is going to be played by him. h. Be going to.
i. He will have played badminton. i. Badminton will have been played by him. i. Future Perfect.
j. He must playe badminton. j. Badminton must be played by him. j. Modal.

50. Exercise
1. We have ... in our house. (books/flown)
2. Our friends have ... English. (stories/studied)
3. My father have ... me new camera. (bought/paper)
4. The boys have ... for the holiday. (alot of toys/spoken)
Adjectives-Adverb-Verb-Noun

51. DON’T GIVE UP!
THANK YOU