This document summarizes a study on the effect of temperature and loading rate on rutting behavior of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) using coir fiber. The study involved conducting drain down and rutting tests on SMA mixes with coir and basalt fibers at different temperatures (45°C, 55°C, 65°C) and loading rates (10-40 RPM). Results showed that rut depth increased with temperature and was higher at 65°C compared to lower temperatures. Rut depth also decreased with increasing loading rate. SMA with coir fiber performed better at lower temperatures but basalt fiber performed better at higher temperatures. Both fibers were effective at preventing drain down at high temperatures.

1. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND LOADING
RATE ON RUTTING BEHAVIOR OF STONE
MATRIX ASPHALT USING COIR FIBER
Presented by
Niranjan Reddy
M Tech 2nd year, NITW
Under the guidance of,
Dr. Venkaiah Chowdary
Asst. Professor, NITW
1

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Need for study
 Objectives
 Methodology
 Experimental work
 Results
 Conclusions
 References
2

3. INTRODUCTION
 Rutting is the major distress in flexible pavements.
 Rutting is characterized by the presence of groove
or depression (Ruts) on wheel paths.
 Presence of grooves or depressions may cause
hydroplaning crashes, may tend to pull the vehicle
towards rut path, loss of serviceability of pavement.
3
(FHA)

4. Contd.
(Almasi et al, 2014)
4

5. Contd.
 The main reasons for rutting are consolidation of pavement
layers(Both bituminous layers and non-bituminous layers).
 Rutting in bituminous layers is not emphasized in the design of
flexible pavements.
 Other reasons for rutting are plastic flow and surface wear caused by
studded tires.
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6. Contd.
 In order to overcome the problems of rutting some of the researchers
have introduced different mix technology in HMA pavement.
 Gap gradation HMA pavements shows best results for rutting. These
mixes are characterized by stone on stone contact.
 Stone matrix asphalt is considered to be rut resistant mix.
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7. NEED FOR STUDY
 The ever-increasing traffic volumes, including increased truck traffic
and higher tire pressures, are putting greater and greater stresses on
our asphalt concrete pavements.
 These stresses manifest themselves primarily in the form of rutting.
 To overcome rutting a solution was needed at proper cost and
workability.
 It is important to evaluate different types of fibers.
 Wide range of speeds are observed on Indian roads.
 Higher temperatures are experienced by Indian roads.
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8. OBJECTIVES
 To find the effect of temperature on rutting behavior of stone matrix
asphalt using coir fiber as stabilizing additive.
 To find the effect of temperature on rutting behavior of stone matrix
asphalt using Basalt fiber as stabilizing additive.
 To find the effect of loading rate on rutting behavior of stone matrix
asphalt using coir fiber as stabilizing additive.
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9. METHODOLOGY
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10. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
 SMA binder course gradation confirming to IRC. SP79:2008 was
used.
 OBC of 6% is obtained from Marshall mix design.
 Basic tests are conducted on materials.
 Drain down tests are conducted on mix using coir fiber and basalt
fiber separately.
 Slabs of dimension 300X300X50 mm are prepared.
 Roller compactor is used for compaction.
 Slabs are tracked using MATEST uniwheel tracker device.
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11. BASIC TEST RESULTS OF BITUMEN
Properties Obtained values Specification
Penetration at 25⁰ C, mm 68 50-70
Ductility at 25 ⁰ C, cm 100 >40
Softening point, ⁰C 50.50 > 47
Flash point ⁰C 280 > 220
Solubility in trichloroethylene, percent 99 >99
Specific Gravity 1.01 >0.99
11

12. BASIC TEST RESULTS OF AGGREGATES
Property Test values Specification (IS 73:2006)
Cleanliness Grain size analysis 3.900 Max 5% passing 0.075 mm
Particle Shape
Flakiness and
elongation Index
13.640 Max. 35%
Strength
Los Angeles Abrasion
value
19.620 Max. 30%
Aggregate impact value 30.310 Max. 35%
Water absorption Water absorption 1.320 Max. 2%
Stripping Static immersion test 98% Min. Retained coating 95%
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13. MIX PROPERTIES AT OBC
Marshall Property Obtained value Specifications
Stability, KN 20.45 Min 9
Flow, mm 2.45 4-5
VFB, % 71.04 65-75
Air voids, % 5.04 3-6
VMA, % 17.41 Min 16
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14. DRAIN DOWN TEST
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15. DRAIN DOWN TEST RESULTS
Material and temperature Drain down
(%)
Specification
(IRC SP
79:2008)(%)
SMA using coir fiber @1500C 0.008 ≈ 0 0.3
SMA using coir fiber @1500C 0.007 ≈ 0 0.3
SMA using coir fiber @1600C 0.026 ≈ 0 0.3
SMA using coir fiber @1600C 0.040 ≈ 0 0.3
SMA using basalt fiber @1500C 0 0.3
SMA using basalt fiber @1500C 0.002 ≈ 0 0.3
SMA using basalt fiber @1600C 0.033 ≈ 0 0.3
SMA using basalt fiber @1600C 0.051 ≈ 0 0.3
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16. PERFORMANCE TEST
16

17. SMA USING COIR FIBER @10 RPM
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18. SMA USING COIR FIBER @20 RPM
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19. SMA USING COIR FIBER @30 RPM
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20. SMA USING COIR FIBER @40 RPM
20

21. SMA USING COIR FIBER @450C TEMP
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22. SMA USING COIR FIBER @550C TEMP
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23. SMA USING COIR FIBER @650C TEMP
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24. SMA USING BASALT FIBER @20RPM
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25. SMA USING DIFFERENT FIBERS @20 RPM
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26. OUTPUT FILE
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27. SMA USING BASALT FIBER (RUT DEPTH @
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS)
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28. SMA USING COIR FIBER (RUT DEPTH @
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS)
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29. CONCLUSIONS
 Rut depth increases with increase in temperature.
 At all the loading rates, rut depths are higher at 650C compare to
450C and 550C.
 Rut depths is more at lower rate of loadings compare to higher rate
of loading
 Sudden failures occur at combination of higher temperatures and
higher rate of loadings.
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30. Contd.
 SMA with coir fiber performed better at lower temperatures of 450C
and 550C but at high temperature of 650C basalt fiber performed
well.
 Rut depth at middle of slab are different from average value.
 Both coir fiber and basalt fiber can arrest bitumen drainage
effectively at higher temperatures.
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31. REFERENCE
 IRC: SP: 79-2008 “Tentative specifications for stone matrix
asphalt”, New Delhi.
 Kumar, T. K. (2013). “Influence of Air Voids and Temperature on
the Permanent Deformation Characteristics of Dense Asphalt
Mixes.” M.tech dissertation report, Transportation division, NIT
Warangal.
 Raghuram, K. B., and Chowdary, V. (2013). “Performance
evaluation of stone matrix asphalt using low cost fibres.” IRC Vol
74-2, Paper No. 595.
31

32.  Brown., E. R., Mallick., R. B., Haddock., J. E., and Bukowski., J.
(1997). “Performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures in the united
states.” NCAT Report No. 97-1.
 Kumar., P., Sikdar., P. K., Bose., S., and Chandra., S. (2004). “Use
of jute fibre in stone matrix asphalt.” Road materials and pavement
design. Volume 5- No. 2/2004.
 Putman., B. J., and Amirkhanian., S. N. (2004). “Utilization of
waste fibers in stone matrix asphalt mixtures.” Resources,
conservation and recycling 42 (2004)
 Kakade, V. B., and Reddy, M. A. (2014). “Effect of type and
quantity of binder on rutting characteristics of bituminous mix.”
Indian Highways, Vol. 42 No.3 March 2014
32

33.  Asi., I. M. (2006). “Laboratory comparison study for the use of
stone matrix asphalt in hot wether climates.” Construction and
building materials 20 (2006) 982-989.
 Apeagyei, A. K., P. E., and ASCE, M. (2011). “Rutting as a function
of Dynamic modulus and Gradation.” Journals of materials in civil
engineering ASCE 2011.23:1302-1310.
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