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The permeability and indirect tensile strength characteristics of porous asphalt mixes
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The permeability and indirect tensile strength characteristics of porous asphalt mixes
1.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 62-67 © IAEME AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 62-67 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.9290 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com 62 IJCIET ©IAEME THE PERMEABILITY AND INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF POROUS ASPHALT MIXES Harish.L (Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, REVA ITM, Bengaluru) ABSTRACT Porous Asphalt is a bituminous mix with very low fines content resulting in high voids ratio. It is promoted as being effective in enhancing traffic safety in rainy weather,reducing hydroplaning tendencies and having good skid resistance properties at higher speed oftraffic. The use of Porous Asphalt tends also to reduce noise and glare at night. In this researchaggregate gradation proposed by the National Asphalt Pavement Association is adopted. The porous asphalt mix is designed to have air voids content in the range of 18-22%.Hence the mixes are compacted at 50, 65, 75 and90 blows of compaction of Marshall rammer on each face to obtain the voids content in thedesired range. The Cantabro abrasion test was performed to obtain resistance of the mix toravelling. The rest results indicated that the abrasion loss reduced as the binder content increasedand also the air voids content decreased with increase in compaction level. The permeability measurements indicated that the Constant head technique provides strong correlation to air voidsand bulk density than compared to that of Falling head technique. The moisture susceptibility asmeasured by tensile strength ratio (TSR) indicated that with increase in compaction the strength increases, however itwas found to be very much lower than that of the dense graded mixes. Keywords: Porous Asphalt, Marshall Mix Design, Abrasion Test, Permeability, Indirect Tensile Strength. 1. INTRODUCTION The roadway design has focused on providing a strong, durable and safe pavement for themotoring public. However increase in traffic noise, reduced visibility during rain, splash andspray of water on the pavement are becoming important factors to be considered for thepavement selection. Experience and evidence is mounting to show that these can be better andmore economically controlled at the source by designing quieter pavement surfaces.
2.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 62-67 © IAEME 63 1.1 Advantages of porous asphalt 1. Porous asphalt can absorb a greater amount of runoff on the pavement surface. 2. The porous asphalt surface is said to have a ‘negative texture’ which does not excite tyre treads to the same extent as conventional positively textured road surfaces and hence produces low levels of tyre noise. 3. Rutting is reduced because there is no visco-elastic flow in the compacted layer. 4. Reduction in glare on the pavement surface during night riding is a significant advantage of porous asphalt mix. 5. Safety during wet weather condition and night driving is increased due to better visibility of the road and road markings. 1.2 Objectives of the present study 1. To assess the properties of aggregates and binder by conducting laboratory tests. 2. To determine the optimum binder content for the selected gradation using the stipulated design method. 3. To determine the volumetric properties of the mix prepared at optimum binder contentfor varying air voids content. 3. To determine the permeability of the mix by adopting Constant head and Falling headtechniques. 4. To determine the Indirect tensile strength of the mix at varying voids content. 2. DESIGN METHODS FOR POROUS ASPHALT The mixture design of the porous asphalt is less structured than traditional Marshallmethod of mix design or new Superpave method of mix designs. However the approach hasseveral features similar to dense graded mixture design. 2.1 The main components in design include 1. Characterisation and selection of materials. 2. Fixing the aggregate gradation and compaction method. 3. Binder optimisation by determining the air voids, drain down of asphalt and abrasion resistance. 2.2 Design steps 1. Selection of aggregate gradation for the mix. 2. Preparing Marshall specimens with trial bitumen contents based on expected optimum binder content. 3. Determining the Percentage Air voids, Voids in coarse aggregates in the compacted mix. 4. Determining the abrasion loss by conducting the Cantabro abrasion test. 2.3 The optimum binder content is decided for 1. A design air voids content of 20%. 2. Maximum abrasion loss of 20%. 3. Drain down mass not exceeding 0.3% by weight of mix.
3.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 62-67 © IAEME 64 3. PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS 3.1 Aggregates In the present investigation aggregates of strong and durable nature were used. The aggregates were tested for their physical properties and the results are presented in Table below. Table 3.1: Physical properties and requirements of Aggregates Sl. No Description of Tests Test Result Requirements as per MoRTH 1 Aggregate Crushing Value (%) 22.07 ---------- 2 Aggregate Impact Value 22.71 Max 24% 3 Combined Index (%) 29.30 Max 30% 4 Water absorption 0.10 Max 2% 5 Aggregate specific gravity Coarse aggregates 2.688 ---------- Fine aggregates 2.72 ------------ 3.2 Aggregate Gradation The gap graded aggregate gradation for the porous aspalt proposed by National AsphaltPavement Association (NAPA) was adopted for the study. The adopted gradation is presented in Table below Table 3.2: Adopted aggregate gradation of Porous asphalt mix Sieve size, mm Gradation proposed by NAPA Adopted gradation, % Retained 19 100 0 13.2 85-100 7.5 9.5 55-75 28.5 4.75 10-25 48.5 2.36 5-10 11 .075 2-4 4.5 3.3 Binder The binder used for the study was neat 60/70 penetration grade bitumen. The binder wastested for penetration, ductility, softening point, specific gravity test and flash point standards. Theproperties and requirements are presented in Table 3.3. Table 3.3: Physical properties and requirements of Binder Description of Test Test Results Requirements as per IS 73:2002 Penetration at 25°C, in 1/10th of mm 66 60-70 Softening Point, °C 53.5 45-55 Ductility at 27°C, cm 79 Minimum 75 Specific gravity at 27°C 1.02 Flash point, °C 262 Minimum 175
4.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 62-67 © IAEME 65 3.4 Cantabro Abrasion Test The Cantabro abrasion test was conducted and the percentage losses inabrasion were calculated. The results are shown in Table 3.4. Table 3.4: Results of Cantabro Abrasion Loss of Marshall Specimens Binder Content, % Bulk density, g/cc Theoretical density, g/cc Volumetric Properties Cantabro abrasion % voids % VMA %VFB loss 3.5 1.985 2.552 22.21 28.99 23.39 28.67 4 2.015 2.534 20.485 28.345 27.74 24.49 4.5 2.038 2.517 19.01 27.96 32.01 21.71 5 2.055 2.499 17.655 27.69 36.25 16.78 3.5 Selection of Optimum Binder Content A graph is plotted with % voids and Cantabro abrasion loss on Y axis and binder content on X axis. The binder content corresponding to 20% air voids and 20% abrasion loss is taken to be the optimum binder content for the porous asphalt mix. The Graph is shown in fig. 3.1. Binder content corresponding to 20% voids = 4.2% Binder content corresponding to 20% abrasion loss = 4.7% Optimum binder content = (4.2+4.7)/2 = 4.45% Figure 3.1: Selection of OBC for porous asphalt mix 3.6 Permeability Tests Constant head and Falling head technique were used to determine the coefficient of permeability porous asphalt mix. The results are presented in Table 3.5. The use of constant head or falling head technique for measuring permeability is assessed by regression method. From Fig. 3.2 3.3 it is seen that by Constant head technique there is high correlation between permeability and % voids (R2 = 0.962) whereas the falling head technique has low correlation between permeability and % voids (R2 = 0.767).
5.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 62-67 © IAEME 66 Table 3.5: Permeability of Porous asphalt mix by Constant and Falling head technique Compaction Level Bulk Density g/cc % Voids Coefficient of Permeability, m/day Constant Head Falling Head 50 1.912 24.07 9.14 9.25 65 1.966 21.90 7.2 7.17 75 1.982 21.27 5.68 6.99 90 2.036 19.14 4.33 6.83 Figure 3.2: Variation of Permeability with % voids measured by Constant head technique Figure 3.3: Variation of Permeability with % voids measured by Falling head technique
6.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 62-67 © IAEME 67 3.7 Indirect Tensile Strength Test The Marshall specimens of the porous asphalt mix were prepared at OBC, conditioned in water bath at 25°C for 2 hours prior to testing. The test specimens were then placed in the loading frame and load was applied to cylindrical strips at rate of 50mm/minute. The ultimate load to failure was recorded. The results are presented in Table 3.6. Table 3.6: Results of Indirect Tensile Strength of porous asphalt mixes Compaction Level Bulk Density g/cc % Voids Indirect Tensile Strength N/mm2 50 1.912 24.07 0.175 65 1.966 21.90 0.215 75 1.982 21.27 0.320 90 2.036 19.14 0.371 4. CONCLUSIONS 1. From Table 3.2 it is observed that the mix is gap graded with 83.5% coarse aggregates and 16.5% fine aggregates. 2. From Table 3.4 it is observed that with the increase in binder content from 3.5% to 5% the abrasion loss reduces from 28.67% to 16.78%. 3. From Table 3.4 it is observed that with increase in binder content from 3.5% to 5%, the bulk density marginally increases from 1.985 g/cc to 2.055g/cc and air voids content reduces from 22.21% to 17.66%. 4. From Table 3.4 it is observed that as compaction increases from 50 to 90 blows the bulk density increases by 6.1% and air voids decreases by 20.5%. 5. The Coefficient of permeability can be measured by Constant and Falling head methods. The Constant head method has higher correlation coefficient than Falling head technique and hence Constant head method is more suitable for measurement of permeability of porous asphalt mixes. 6. From Table 3.6 it is seen that as compaction increases from 50 to 90 blows the Indirect Tensile Strength increases by 53%. 5. REFERENCES 1. Kunnaweekamitpong, Robert Schmidt, Hussainbahla, Jeffrey Russell Comparison of laboratory and field permeability of HMA mixtures TRB 83 annual meeting. 2. G.W. Maupin Jr, “Investigation of test methods, pavements and laboratory design related to asphalt permeability” Virginia transportation research council, June 2000. 3. L. Allen Cooley Jr. E. Ray Brown SaeedMaghsoodloo “Development of critical and pavement density values for coarse graded pavements” NCAT report, Sep 2001. 4. Qing lu, Sang lau, John T Harvey “Compaction of noise reducing asphalt mixtures in the laboratory” TRB 89 annual meeting. 5. Rebecca S. McDaniel, William D. Thornton, Jorge Gomez Dominguez “Field evaluation of porous asphalt pavement” The Institute for Safe, Quiet and Durable Highways, May 2004. 6. Dr. Talal H. Fadhil, Salah S. Jasim, Dr. Kahlil E. Aziz and Ahmed S. Ahmed, “Influence of using White Cement Kiln Dust as a Mineral Filler on Hot Asphalt Concrete Mixture Properties”, International Journal of Civil Engineering Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 87 - 96, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
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