20320140507004

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 26-33 © IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 26-33
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.9290 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
STUDY ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
TERNARY CONCRETE
G. Saranya1, CH. KannamNaidu2, K. Krishnakumar3, G. Gowrisankara Rao4
1, 2, 3, 4(CIVIL, AITAM/ JNTUK, TEKKALI, INDIA)
ABSTRACT
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
Keywords: Concrete, Compressive Strength, SCM’s, Flexure Strength, Split Strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
General
In the construction industry, the development and use of blended Cements is growing
rapidly. Pozzolanas from industrial by products such as fly ash and silica fume are receiving more
attention now a day since their use generally improve the properties of the blended cement concrete
and also the reduction of cost and negative environmental effects.
Pozzolanas include a wide range of predominately glassy materials like fly-ash (FA),
micro-silica (MS) or silica fume (SF), waste industrial material from the silicon and ferrosilicon
metal industry, and natural Pozzolanas, and geologic deposits of clay. These materials may be
claimed prior to use in order to increase their activity. Pozzolanas are not new to the construction
materials industry, and in fact have been used for construction purposes for thousands of years.
The present work is aimed at to analyses and gives technical specifications on strength and
durability characteristics of Ternary Concrete. Different specimens viz., cubes, cylinders, beams will
be cast and tested for obtaining properties like compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural
26

IJCIET
©IAEME

strength. The goal of this study is to provide the quantitative information needed to make sound
engineering judgments pertaining to the selection and use of supplementary cementitious materials
(SCMs) in conjunction with Portland or blended cement.
II. MATERIALS USED IN INVESTIGATION
The various materials used in the experimentation namely cement, two supplementary
cementitious materials, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water and admixture have been tested in the
laboratory. The specifications and properties of these materials were presented in the subsequent
sections. All the materials used in the study were tested in accordance to the Indian standards.
Silica fume
Silica Fume was obtained from Fosrock Chemicals. Silica Fume is a mineral admixture made
up of very fine, solid, glassy spheres and amorphous solids of silicon dioxide. The silica content is as
high as 98%. Because of extreme fines it is as efficient pozzolanic material. specific gravity and unit
weight is 2.22 and 245 kg/m.
Fly ash
Fly ash used in the experimental work was obtained from Simhadri Thermal Power Plant
(STPP), NTPC, and Visakhapatnam. Fineness- specific surface in m2 /kg (Blaine’s permeability
method) is 395; Compressive strength at 28days is 91 N /mm2,
Particles retained on 45 micron IS: Sieve (wet sieving), 31% by mass
Fine aggregate
The locally available river sand conforming to grading zone-II of IS 383-1970 has been used
as Fine Aggregate. The fine aggregate are clean, inert and free from organic matter, silt and clay. The
fine aggregate are completely dried before use. Specific gravity and fineness modulus is 2.6and 2.37,
water absorption percent is 0.5
Coarse Aggregate
Conventional coarse aggregate was used from an established quarry satisfying the
requirements of IS 383:1970. The locally available crushed granite stone is used as coarse aggregate.
Specific gravity and nominal size is 2.85 and 20mm, 10mm.fineness modulus and water absorption
is 7.19 and 0.5
III. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS
The proportions of the Ternary concrete mixture were 1: 1.7: 3.3. There are two series of
members in this investigation. They differed only in the concrete with which they were made.
Conventional concrete (CC), ternary concrete (TC). The materials are weighing batched. Concrete
mixer was used for mixing concrete. After placing concrete in the moulds, vibrator was used for
vibration. The top surface was smoothened with a trowel. Simultaneously cubes, cylinders and
prisms were casted. In destructive tests we get the test values of the specimen for compressive,
flexure and split tensile strength. The objectives of destructive test are to know the strength
properties of ternary concrete. The tests conducted for durability of ternary concrete are compressive
strength and comparative weight loss.
27

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Series of tests were carried out on the concrete specimens to obtain the strength
characteristics and durability characteristics of ternary concrete for application in civil engineering
field. The experimental work was conducted on the concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms made with
ordinary Portland cement with 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% replacement of both fly ash and silica fume
for M25 grade.
In the experimental investigation conducted on durability assessment of concrete mixes,
compressive strength test, weight loss test were performed. For the experiment four series of A, B, C,
D concrete cubes were immersed in 5% Concentration of H2SO4, 5% Concentration of HCl, 5%
Concentration of K2SO4 solutions and sea water. From the experimental investigations, the values
obtained have been tabulated and represented the behavior of concrete with respect to strength and
the investigation on cubes exposed to different conditions like acids and marine water.
V. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The compressive strength test was conducted on cubes specimens made with replacement of
both fly ash and silica fume for different percentages (5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%) at the ages 7, 28
and 56 days after proper curing till the day of testing. The values of compressive strength obtained
from the tests for concrete cubes with different percentage replacements were presented in table 4.1
which include the average values of three cubes for each mix. It is observed from the table 4.1 that in
ternary mixes as the percentage of replacement increases the compression strength increases up to
10% replacement and further decreases for 12.5% replacement for M25 grade.
Table 1: Variation of compressive strength with different percentage replacement of SCM’s
Compressive strength
7 Days
strength (MPa)
28

28 Days
strength (MPa)
56 Days
strength (MPa)
CC 28.88 42.68 47.18
TC- 5%(FA and SF) 45.62 56.73 59.25
TC- 7.5%(FA and SF) 47.72 58.96 60.14
TC-10%(FA and SF) 66.99 67.96 67.40
TC- 12.5%(FA and SF) 61.92 63.20 64.32
From the “Table 1” it is observed that the 7days cube compressive strength is about 45.62 to
66.99 MPa, the 28days cube compressive strength is about 56.73to 67.96 MPa and also the 56days
cube compressive strength is about 59.25 to 67.40MPa respectively with replacement of ordinary
Portland cement with both fly and silica fume in the range of 5% to 12.5%. As the percentage of
replacement increases the strength also increases up to 10% and further decreases for 12.5%
replacement for M25. The max % increase of 7 days compressive strength obtained for 10%
replacement of SCM is 132% which is higher than conventional concrete mix and other percent
replacements. The max % increase of 28days compressive strength for 10% replacement of SCM is
59% and 43% at 56days which is lesser compared to % increase in strength at the age of 28 days for
all ternary mixes.

Table 2: Variation of Split tensile strength with different percentage replacement of
cementitious material
Split tensile strength
7 Days
strength (MPa)
29

28 Days
strength (MPa)
56 Days strength
(MPa)
CC 2.82 3.56 3.96
TC- 5%(FA and SF) 2.34 2.970 3.692
TC- 7.5%(FA and SF) 3.75 3.853 3.819
TC- 10%(FA and SF) 4.103 4.219 4.385
TC-12.5%(FA and SF) 3.60 3.907 4.122
Table 3: Variation of Flexural strength with different percentage replacement of SCM’s
Flexural strength
7 Days
strength (MPa)
28 Days
strength (MPa)
56 Days
strength (MPa)
CC 4.28 5.74 5.94
TC- 5%(FA and SF) 7.05 6.35 6.75
TC- 7.5%(FA and SF) 6.5 7.55 7.75
TC- 10%(FA and SF) 7.99 8.15 8.3
TC- 12.5%(FA and SF) 7.5 7.92 8.2
From the table 2 and 3, it is observed that the 7-days flexural strength is about 7.05 to 8.20
MPa, the 28-days Flexural strength is about 6.35 to 7.90 MPa and also the 56-days Flexural strength
is about 6.75 to 7.92 MPa respectively with replacement of ordinary Portland cement with both fly
and silica fume in the range of 5% to 12.5%. As the percentage of replacement increases the strength
also increases up to 10% and further slightly decreases for 12.5% replacement for M25. The results
indicate that the strength variation in all the grades is very marginal.
Sulphate attack (H2SO4)
The compressive strength test and the weight loss of concrete were conducted on cube test
specimens of standard size 100mm * 100mm * 100mm for concrete mixes made with different
percentage replacements of both fly ash and silica fume. The test was conducted on test specimens
after subjecting them to 5% concentration Sulphate solution and one day air drying. The specimens
were cured for 28days in tap water and air dried for one day before they are subjected to Sulphate
solution for 28days and 56days.
The compressive strength and weight loss values for the test specimens were presented in
table 4.6 and 4.7 and results were plotted in Fig 4.10 and 4.11.
immersed in H2SO4 solution
Compressive
strength(H2SO4)
28 Days 56 Days
CC 38.0 46.08
TC- 5%(FA and SF) 19.0 14.6
TC- 7.5%(FA and SF) 24.0 17.0
TC- 10%(FA and SF) 26.66 19.9
TC- 12.5%(FA and SF) 22.0 18.93

Form the “Table 3” we know that compressive strength of all ternary mixes is decreed for
sulphate attack at all ages. The more strength loss is obtained for 10% replacement of both FA and
SF at the age of 28 days.
Table 5: Variation of weights with different percentage replacement of SCM’s immersed in
H2SO4 solution
Weight
(H2So4)
Before
weight
28days
after
weight
30

% weight
loss
56days
after weight
% weight
loss
CC 3.11 3.03 0.07 3.01 0.075
TC- 5%
(FA and SF)
2.600 2.440 6.15 2.330 10.38
TC- 7.5%
(FA and SF)
2.580 2.441 5.38 2.331 9.65
From the above Table 4it is observed that weight loss is comparatively more for ternary
concrete cubes because sulphate solution is stronger than the other acid solutions at all ages. The
weight loss increased with age in both CC and TC.
Sulphide attack (K2SO4)
The compressive strength test and weight loss of concrete were conducted on cube test
specimens of standard size 100mm * 100mm * 100mm for concrete mixes made with different
percentage replacements of both fly ash and silica fume. The test was conducted on test specimens
after subjecting them to 5% concentration Sulphide solution and one day air drying. The specimens
were cured for 28days in tap water and air dried for one day before they are subjected to Sulphate
solution for 28days and 56days.
Table 6: Variation of weights with different percentage replacement of Supplementary
cementitious materials Immersed in K2SO4 solution
Weight
(K2So4)
Before
weight
28days after
weight
% of
loss
56days after
weight
% of loss
CC 3.11 3.03 0.07 3.01 0.075
TC- 5%
(FA and SF)
2.600 2.580 0.076 2.580 0.076
TC- 7.5%
(FA and SF)
2.580 2.575 0.019 2.573 0.076
TC- 10%
(FA and SF)
2.580 2.576 0.015 2.575 0.019
TC- 12.5%
(FA and SF)
2.575 2.575 0 2.555 0.077
The maximum percentage weight loss in ternary concrete mixes is observed to be 7% at all
the ages when compared to CC.

immersed in Sea water
Compressive
strength(sea water)
28 Days 56 Days
CC 38.0 46.08
TC- 5%(FA and SF) 53.6 34.66
TC- 7.5%(FA and SF) 43.5 39.86
TC- 10%(FA and SF) 44.2 41.44
TC- 12.5%(FA and SF) 42.5 38.6
Table 8: Variation of weights with different percentage replacement of Supplementary
cementitious materials Immersed in Sea water
Weight (Sea
water)
Before
weight
28days after
weight
31

% of
loss
56days after
weight
% of
loss
CC 3.11 3.03 0.07 3.01 0.075
TC- 5%
(FA and SF)
2.600 2.600 0 2.598 0.016
TC- 7.5%
(FA and SF)
2.580 2.575 0.01 2.578 0.016
TC- 10%
(FA and SF)
2.580 2.576 0.015 2.568 0.076
TC- 12.5%
(FA and SF)
2.575 2.570 0.019 2.555 0.095
From this table it is observed that Variation of weights with different percentage replacement
of Supplementary cementitious materials immersed in Sea water solution after 28days is very
marginally very less.
The summary of the experimental results are show below in the form of graphs as well.
Fig. 1: Variations of compressive strength at 7-days, 28-days and 56-days with different
percentage of SCM’s

Fig. 2: Variations of split tensile strength at 7-days, 28-days and 56-days
with different percentage of SCM’s
Fig. 3: Variations of Flexural Strength at 7-days,28-days
and 56-dayswith different percentage of SCM’s
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The experimental work was conducted on the ternary concrete specimens made with ordinary
Portland cement with 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% replacement of both fly ash and silica fume for
mechanical properties like compressive strength test, split tensile strength test and flexural
strength test and durability character strength for M25 grade.
2. All the mixes attained the target mean strength. The cubes 28days compressive strength of
Ternary Concrete (5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%) is about 56.73, 58.96, 67.96 and 63.20 MPa.
3. By using supplementary cementitious materials we found that replacement of cement with
both Fly-ash and silica fume by 10% shown higher strength than normal concrete at 28 days
and 56 days.
4. The weight loss due to sulphate attack is about 6.1% with a maximum of 10.6% for all mixes
of Ternary concrete.
32

VII. REFERENCES
[1] Amoundi, Mohammed Maslehuddin and Mohmoud, Saadi Effect of magnesium sulphate and
sodium sulphate on the durability performance of plain and blended cement, ACI Materials
Journal, No-1, vol.92, jan-feb 1995, pp 15-24.
[2] Chan Workability retention of high strength /super plasticized concrete. Magazine of concrete
research, No.177, Vol.48, dec-1996.
[3] Glenn Willian Depy Freeze- Thaw and acid Resistance of polymer impregnated concrete,
durability of concrete, ACI Special Publications, SP-47, 1975.
[4] Lawarance, sulphate attack on concrete, magazine of concrete Research, No.153, Vol 42,
Dec-1999.
[5] Mehtha, Hayness durability of concrete in sea water Material journal of ASCE structures
division, No.ST 8, Vol.101, 1978, pp 1679-168.
[6] Murthi and Sivakumar by studies on acid resistance of ternary blended concrete Asian journal
of civil engineering (Building and Housing) Vol. 9, No. 5 (2008) pp 473-486.
[7] Mateusz Radlinski, Jan Olek and Tommy Nantung Effect of Mixture Composition and Initial
Curing Conditions on Scaling Resistance of Ternary OPC/FA/SF Concrete. Journal of
material in Civil engineering © ASCE / OCTOBER 2008 / 668-677.
[8] Murthi , Sivakumar Studies on Bond Strength Variations of ternary Blended concrete. The
Icfai University Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 54-64, January 2009.
[9] Menendez, Bonavetti, Irassar, Strength development of ternary blended cement with
limestone filler and blast-furnace slag. Cement Concrete Composites 25 (2003) pp 61–67.
[10] Thomos “using silica fume to combat Alkali silica reaction in concrete” Indian concrete
journal, no 10 vol.75 oct 2001.
[11] Sitiradziah Abdullah, Ahmad Shayan and Riadh Al-Mahaidi, “Assessing the Mechanical
Properties of Concrete Due to Alkali Silica Reaction”, International Journal of Civil
Engineering Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 190 - 204, ISSN Print:
0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
[12] H. Sudarsana Rao and Vaishali.G.Ghorpade, “Strength Assessment of Blended Cement
Concrete with Water Containing Sulphuric Acid”, International Journal of Civil Engineering
Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 9 - 14, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308,
ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
[13] Alok Verma, M. Shukla and A. K. Sahu, “Use of Superplasticizers in Concrete and their
Compatibility with Cements”, International Journal of Civil Engineering Technology
(IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 138 - 158, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online:
0976 – 6316.
[14] N. Krishna Murthy, N. Aruna, A.V.Narasimha Rao, I.V.Ramana Reddy and M.Vijaya Sekhar
Reddy, “Self Compacting Mortars of Binary and Ternary Cementitious Blending with
Metakaolin and Fly Ash”, International Journal of Civil Engineering Technology (IJCIET),
Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 369 - 384, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
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