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motivation__nature_and_theories_.pdf
1.
2. Motivation is the intrinsic inducement that
propels an individual to think, feel, and
perform in a certain ways. It is internalized,
and the most important, yet elusive,
determinant of work behavior.
3. Motivation is predicated on need and values of an
individual that direct behavior toward goals.
BEHAVIOR GOAL/EFFECT
NEEDS/VALUES MOTIVATION
Figure 2.1
MOTIVATION-BEHAVIOR MODEL
4. 1.The Economic Man
The belief that pervaded the early 1900
during the days of Frederick Taylor, the
father of scientific management.
6. 2. The Social Man
The experiments by Roethlisberger and Mayo.
The opinions of fellow workers, job
comfort,enjoyment,long range security are
more potent than financial considerations.
8. 3. The Complex Man
The theory on the complex nature of man
was posited by Maslow who averred that
man’s needs fall into hierarchy of relative
prepotency.
10. 4. The Motivated Man
It is the theory of Herzberg, it stated that
individual workers have two different
categories of needs that are essentially
independent of each other but affect behavior
in different ways.
12. 5. The Three-Tiered Satisfied Man
Alderfer postulates a three-tiered model of
needs progressing from existence to related
and last to growth (ERG). The most basic
need of man is to exist is at the same level as
that of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and
Herzberg Hygiene Factors.
14. 6. The Achiever
McClelland postulated with his achievement
motivation theory that people with high need
to achieve do achieve more than those with
low need and no need at all.
16. 7. The Expectant Man
the expectant theory was first developed by
Vroom in 1964.
1.Individuals have preferences for various
outcomes.
2.Individuals have expectancies about the
likelihood that an action on their part will
lead to satisfaction.
17. 3.People have certain instrumentalities about
performance that will lead to the attainment
of desirable outcomes.
4. In any situation, the action a person chooses
to take is determined by the
expectancies,instrumentalities and
preferences that he has at the time.
18.
19. 8. The Managed Man
Douglas McGregor argues that “ a manager’s
effectiveness is a function of such
assumption about human nature and that his
leadership behavior will be crucially affected
by them.
It is called the Theory X and Theory Y.
21. 9. The Learning-Reinforced Man
It is a theory developed by B.F. Skinner .
It is stated that man learns from his
environment and greater control of this
environment improves his development.
23. 1. Environmental factors like the socio-
economic and political conditions of the
country.
2. Individual personality, mental
ability,education,work experience and
organizational variables like structure,
goals,size technology as impacted upon by
environmental factors:
3. Personal motivations, job and reward
expectations.
