Indian diversified agro-climatic condition and increasing international trading in the era of globalization made India more vulnerable for introduction of different invasive insect pest species. Invasive alien species possess major threat to local biodiversity by competing with native species by unleashing in a higher number upon finding a favorable environment parameter. In the absence of natural enemy and in presence of suitable host exotic species will turn to stubborn major pest of economically important crops which is difficult to control.

1. India

4. INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
COA, Raipur
ENT-692 (Doctoral Seminar)
Presented by
Nikita Negi
20210625
Dept. of Agril. Entomology

5. INVASIVE INSECT PESTS IN INDIA, THEIR
HISTORY, STATUS AND MANAGEMENT
TACTICS

6. Indigenous to a given region or
ecosystem
Living outside its native
distributional range

7. Alien and Invasive species ?
Alien species is a species
introduced by humans- either
intentionally or accidentally-
outside of its present
distribution, however not all
alien species have negative
impacts only between 5% and
20% of alien species become
problematic
Invasive species’ is one which
becomes established in natural
or semi natural ecosystems or
habitat, and threatens native
biological diversity

8. Invasive
species
173
54
terrestrial
plants
56
Aquatic
plants
47
Agricultural
importance
14
Island
ecosystem
23
Insect pest
Sandilyan et al., 2019

9. Daniel et al., 2020
Hemiptera- 63%
Lepidoptera-13%
Coleoptera-9%
Diptera- 6%
Hymenoptera-6%
Thysanoptera- 3%
Different insect order invaded India
63%
13%
9%
6%
6%3%
Hemiptera lepidoptera
Coleoptera Diptera
Hymenoptera Thysanoptera

10. www.eastmojo.com/news/2022
LOST- Rs. 8.3 trillion in last 60 years

11. Why?

12. Characteristics of an invasive species
• Very resilient
• Short life cycle
• Broad host range
• High dispersal ability
• High fecundity
• Ability to withstand many environmental conditions

13. THREATS
• Extinction of native species
• Loss of local biodiversity
• Economic damage
• Change in cropping pattern
• Affect food security and agro ecosystem

14. Steps of invasion
Sharma et al., 2018
COLONIZATION
NATURALIZATION
SPREAD
ESTABLISHMENT

15. Stages of an Invasion
Carrying
capacity
Naveen et al., 2020
Accumulate in small numbers

16. Sanjose scale
Introduced in 1911- Kashmir
• It was first reported in America in 1870 from Sanjose valley of California
Ornamental crop
Singh., 1951
China
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Diaspidae: Hemiptera

17. Sanjose scale
Native: China
Introduced in 1911- Kashmir
1933 – Pest status in fruit orchards and
plantation of poplar and willow tree
Host: Populus spp.,
Salix spp., Alnus
spp., Morus spp.,
Celtis spp.
• 1921-1924 –Himachal Pradesh in Kullu
valley and at Kotgarh (Shimla)
• it has spread further to nearly all of the
apple growing areas in the country.
Singh., 2004
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
Diaspidae: Hemiptera

18. Damage symptom
• Nymphs and adults suck sap from twigs,
branches and fruits.
• Attacks are generally on stems, branches but,
in severe infestations, leaves and fruits may
also be penetrated, bark often gets cracked and
exudes gum
• The infested region on bark turns into pink
color.

19. Management
• Orchard sanitation greatly reduces the
damage.
• Heavily infested branches should be
removed and burnt.
• Select healthy plant from nursery and
treat them with Chlorpyriphos 20EC 1
ml/1 litre before planting in the field.
• Spray horticultural mineral oil (HMO) @
2% (2 liters in 100 liters of water) in
early spring season when trees are
completely defoliated .
• Chilocorus bijugus or Coccinnella
septempuncata @ 30-50 adults/ infested
trees of San Jose scale be released during
the month of July to September.
Aphytis melinus Chilocorus infernalis
Encarsia perniciosi
Rawat et al., 1991

20. Woolly apple aphid
1910-Shimla (Himachal Pradesh)
Singh., 1951
Nursery stock
England
1910-Shimla
(Himachal Pradesh)
Apple and Pear
Eriosoma lanigera (Hausman) Aphididae: Hemiptera

21. Damage
• Adults and nymphs suck the sap from the plants
inside the waxy cover
• They also attack the roots which develop swellings
• Heavily infested plant have a short fibrous root
system and yellowish foliage which can be easily
uprooted.
• Use resistant root stocks M 778, M 779, MM 14,
MM 110, MM 112
• Spray dimethoate 30 EC 0.06% or methyl demeton
25 EC 0.025%
• Release the parasitoid: Aphelinus mali
• Predators: Chilomenus bijugus and Coccinella
septumpunctata
Management
Chrysopa nigricornis
Coccinella septempunctata

22. Aphelinus mali
• Release of Aphelinus mali during 1930 in Kullu valley resulted 98%
suppression of the pest.
Aphelinus mali
Endoparasitoid
From U.K in 1928
Saharanpur (UP) not
established
England to Kullu in 1937
successful (98%)
Kashmir valley
Coonoor Tamil Nadu
1961 in Shillong
(Thakur and Dogra)
• Intense activity
• Indiscriminate
feeding

23. The aphelinid parasitoid acted in a density dependent manner by coinciding well with its
host and also followed negative binomial distribution except at very low densities.
Singh., 2016
y = 1.2822x + 9.6726
R² = 0.8453
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PARASITISATION
APHID POPULATION
X y
0 0
0 0
0.8 4.5
6.1 16.7
14.8 34.5
49.9 63.6
37.8 61.1
13.1 44.5
7.6 29.7
2 11.5

24. Lantana soft scale insect
1915
Hosts: Lantana, Coffee, Jacaranda, Citrus, Sweet potato, Gumwood,
Brinjal, Rose etc
Muniappan et al.,1986
Sri Lanka or West Indies
Orthezia insignis Browne (Orthezidae: Homoptera)

25. Damage and Natural enemy
• Orthezia insignis is a mobile scale insects
• Adult female has a large wax ovisac and species is parthenogenic.
• Eggs hatch inside the ovisac and the 1st instar nymphs then move
out to feed
Hyperaspis pantherina Fursch (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Kumari et al., 2021

26. Cottony cushion scale
1921
Hosts: Acacia decurrens, A. deabata
Singh., 2004
Native: Australia
Dr. Purchas from Auckland, New Zealand
Sri lanka
Imported orchard stock
Or
Flowering plants
117 plants
Icerya purchase Maskell (Margarodidae:Homoptera)

27. Management
• Icerya purchasi populations have been suppressed in numerous
countries with Rodolia cardinalis
• In India R. cardinalis was introduced in 1929 in Tamil Nadu from
USA to control Icerya purchasi.
• In Coorg and Bombay provinces in 1946 efforts were made to
multiply and distribute some of its natural enemies, particularly the
beetle R. cardinalis and the moth Euzophera cocciphaga and as a
result of which the pest has been nearly eradicated and its spread to
other provinces has been checked.
Kumari et al., 2021
Euzophera cocciphaga
Rodolia cardinalis

28. Potato Tuber moth
1906
Italy
Hosts: Tobacco, tomato,
brinjal, beet and it is a
serious pest of stored
potato
It is believed that the pest was introduced in the
East Bengal, now constituting Bangladesh (Das
1992)
Native: South America
East Bengal
Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
(Das., 1992)
The first mention of tuber moth in literature was made
by Capt. H. Berthon (1855) who described it under
the name of potato grub

29. Potato Tuber moth
• Fletcher (1919) reported it in India from Pune (Maharashtra),
Dharwad (Karnataka), Nilgiri hills, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
Sitamarhi, Pusa and Purnea (Bihar), Pratapgarh (Uttar Pradesh),
and Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh).
Chandel., 2019

30. Damage
• Caterpillars initially mine into leaves and later make way in veins into
petioles- stem - to the tubers in soil.
• After the potato is harvested, the insect may continue to develop on tubers
or volunteer plants remaining in the field including other solanaceous
plants such as tomatoes
Hill et al., 1993

31. Chandel., 2019
Distribution of PTM
State Tuber
infestation
References
Bihar 1.0-25.0 Raj (1991)
Karnataka 25.0-100 Trived (1989)
Meghalaya 10.0-36 Lal (1987)
Maharashtra 19.1 Raj (1991)
Tamil Nadu 2.0-11.0 Raj (1991)
Himachal
Pradesh
30.0-72.5 Shyam (2017)

32. Management
• Select healthy tubers
• Deep planting and good coverage of seed tubers with soil help to
protect damage by adults and larvae of potato tuber moth.
• Cultivars Kufri Red and Kufri Shakti and lines QB/A-16-43 and
VB/A-92 were tolerant with 1–2 visible PTM holes on the tuber
• Irrigation is also an effective preventive measure against P.
operculella. Irrigating continuously up to harvest minimizes soil
cracking and thus avoids the exposure of potatoes to female moths
• Saxena et al. (1982) found that 20 traps/ha are effective in controlling
the pest in India..
• Spray Bacillus thuringiensis @1 kg/ha at 10 days interval
Chandel., 2019

33. Conti…
• Do earthing up at 60 days after planting to avoid female moths
laying eggs on the exposed tuber
• Release egg larval parasitoid: Chelonus blackburnii @30,000/ha
twice at 40 and 70 day after planting
• Spray NSKE @5% or quinalphos 25 EC @2ml/lit of water to
manage foliar damage
C. blackburni C. koeheleri C. zastrowi sillemi,
Abbas., 1993

34. Diamond back moth
• It was first observed in North America in 1854.
It was reported for the first time in India
by Fletcher (1914) on crucifers
Native: North
America
Hosts: Cabbage, cauliflower, radish, knoll khol (rabi), turnip, beetroot,
mustard.
Plutella xylostella outbreak was reported in agro-climatic conditions of Aligarh,
western part of Uttar Pradesh in 2006 on cauliflower
Gautam et al., 2018
Plutella xylostella (Linn.) (Plutellidae:
Lepidoptera)
Possibilities of entry- long migratory
-movement of planting material

35. • Install pheromone traps @4-5 acre for monitoring
• Remove and destroy all debris and stubbles after harvest of crop
• Sow 2 rows of bold seeded mustard as trap crop for every 25 rows
of cabbage to attract moth
• Foliar spray of 5% NSKE
• Planting cultivars that tolerate or resist DBM damage is the first
line of defense. For example, cabbage cultivars with glassy leaves
(Dickson et al., 1990)
• Use of sprinkler irrigation during evening hours to hinder the
mating
• Release of egg parasitoid, T. chilonis @20,000/acre 4-6 times at
weekly interval
Management

36. • Larval parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum @1,00,000 acre from 20
days after planting
• Use of orange traps
• Spray
Flubendamide 20% WG @ 15g in 150lit water/ acre
Lufenuron 5.4% EC @240g in 200lit water/acre
Spinosad 2.5 % SC @240-280 in 200lit water/acre
Fipronil 5% SC @ 320-400 ml in 200 lit water/acre
Emmamectin benzoate 5% SG @60-80 g in 200l water /acre
Management
Oomyzus sokolowskii D. semiclausum
Parasitised larva Parasitised Pupa
Cherian and
Basheer, 1938

37. Pine woolly aphid
1970
Nilgiri hills
of South
India
Hosts: Pineus spp.; Pineus patula
Western and
central Europe
• As only the trial plantations had been established, the damage has been restricted to the
Pinus patula and further spread of the pest has been contained by discontinuous planting
of P. patula.
Singh., 2004
Pineus pini (Macquart)
(Adelgidae: Homoptera)

38. Subabul psyllid,
1988
Sri Lanka
Original distribution – Coast of Cuba in carribean
1980- Dominican republic
1982- Florida, USA
1985- Phillipines
1986- Asia-pacific
Native: Central
America
Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu
Jalali and Singh., 2004
Heteropyslla cubana Crawford (Psyllidae: Homoptera)

39. via madras and Trichy airports
(Gopalan et al., 1988)
Suspected modes of
entry- High altitude
wind and causual
passengers in
aeroplanes rather than
sea shipped plants
(Singh., 1986)

40. Management
• Curinus coeruleus Mulsant is the prevalent coccinellid predator
controlling subabul menace (Jalali and Singh, 1992).
• Other predators include Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius),
Scymnus sp. Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius).
• Parasitoid : Psyllaephagus rotundiformis (Howard) an encyrtid
parasitoid feeds on nymphs of subabul psyllid were recorded in the
field (Jalali and Singh, 1989)
Curinus coeruleus Menochilus sexmaculatus Scymnus

41. Serpentine leaf miner
1990-1991
California
Native: USA (Florida)
Hosts: It is a polyphagous -78 annual plant - pea, cucurbits,
tomato, castor and ornamental plants
In India, L. trifolii damage was first reported from castor (Ricinus communis L.) in
1992.
Singh., 2004
Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Agromyzidae: Diptera)

42. Conti..
• It created havoc in India and Indian parliament
• Vegetable prices went down because people thought it’s a curse they
stopped consuming infested vegetables
• ICAR scientists suspect the pest entered the country on
chrysanthemum stems imported in 1990-91.
• Raghunathan also insists the fly must have entered the country on
smuggled plants because "no insect can survive our strict quarantine
process"

43. Management
• Hemiptarsenus varicornis(Girault) is the
most predominant one (Kapadia et al.,
1997).
• Diglyphus begini was introduced into
India from California, USA and field
released Bangalore during 1997 after
laboratory tests. Reports indicate that it
has not established in the field.
• 45 species of Chalcidoidea and
Braconidae reported on larval and pupal
stages of L. trifolii from different parts of
world. The parasitism in some areas may
be as high as 51-98 per cent
(Neuenschwander et al., 1987)
Hemiptarsenus varicornis
D. begini

44. Papaya mealy bug
1994-2002 Caribbean Islands and USA (Florida)
2002-2006 West and Central Pacific
2008-2010 - Islands in South-East Asia
It has been spread accidentally outside its native
range by trade in live plant material (papaya fruits).
Native to Central America
Jhala et al. 2008
Paracoccus marginatus (Pseudococcidae; Hemiptera)
2007 on Papaya introduced at Coimbatore Tamil
Nadu

45. Papaya Mealy bug
• Paracoccus marginatus by 2009- damage to mulberry, tapioca,
Jatropha, cotton and several fruits, flowers and plantation crops in
Tamil Nadu causing 90 per cent damage.
• Mani et al., 2012 reported from Rajasthan
• Singh et al., 2018 recorded on Guava, grapes and plumeria in
Punjab
Jhala et al. 2008

46. Natural enemies
ICAR–NBAIR (then Project Directorate of Biological Control or
PDBC) with help from the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) imported three natural enemies of the papaya mealybug,
namely, Acerophagus papayae, Anagyrus loecki and
Pseudleptomastix mexicana, from the laboratory of Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS) at Puerto Rico
Acerophagus papayae
Anagyrus loecki
ICAR–NBAIR
Pseudleptomastix mexicana

47. Coffee berry borer
1990
Sri lanka
Native: Northeast Africa
Through seeds brought by the refugees from Sri Lanka or through
illegally imported seeds of coffee
(88% of the coffee area in India)
Vega et al. 1999
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
(Scolytidae: Coleoptera)

48. Natural enemies
Cephalonomia stephanoderis Phymastichus coffea
Prorops nasuta waterston
Mexico Colombia
NBAIR, Bangalore and the Coffee Board

49. Spiralling white fly
1993
Native: Central America
Hosts: It is highly polyphagous affecting a wide
range of host plants- 481 plants.
Palaniswami et al. 1999
No concrete evidence of mode of entrance but
possibility is that it came with planting material
Srilanka or Maldives
Aleurodicus disperses Russell
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

50. Damage
• Nymphs and adults suck sap from host plants and can cause premature
leaf drop.
• Copious white, waxy flocculent material secreted by the nymphs.
Furthermore,
• Sticky honeydew is produced which serves as a substrate for dense
growth of sooty mould interfering with photosynthesis

51. Management
• The ICAR-NBAIR identified the aphelinid parasitoid Encarsia
guadeloupae causing natural parasitism of 56% to 82%
• The ICAR-NBAIR identified and developed a highly effective
entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea (ICAR-NBAIR pfu-5. The
fungus was effective in killing all the life stages of the pest.
• The pest mortality recorded was up to 91%.
ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru
Encarsia

52. Coconut Eriophyid mite
1997
Mexico Enakulam,
Kerala
Singh., 2004
Hosts: Coconut
Present status of this pest is Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep
Island.
Aceria gurreronis Keifer
(Arachnida: Eriophyidae

53. Mode of entry
• Attained major pest status
after the super cyclone in 1998
• Transportation of infested plant
parts
• Biotic (phoresis) or abiotic
(wind, agricultural tools, etc.)
factors carry them over long
distances
http://eagri.org/eagri50

54. Damage
Discoloration on nuts and the market value of nuts is affected.
Damage- Suck the sap from tender meristematic tissues.
Due to feeding warts and longitudinal fissures on the nut surface,
discoloration of the nut and premature nut fall

55. Management
• Mycohit”, the mycoacaricide formulation
of H. thompsonii developed at nbair,
Bangalore has been evaluated against
coconut eriophyid mite, A. guerreronis
under field conditions (Anonymous,
2001).
• The experimental results revealed that
maximum (60.47%) dead colonies of
mites were noticed at 49 days after
treatment (DAT) in trees sprayed twice at
14 days interval with ‘Mycohit’.
• Highest mortality (75%) was realized at
63 DAT.
Neoseiulus baraki
Hirsutella thompsonii

56. Eucalyptus gall wasp/Blue gum chalcid
• Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle-
firstly found in Italy, but mistakenly
identifed as Aprostocetus sp. (Viggiani et
al. 2001).
• The first formal description of this insect
came in 2004 from Australia as L. invasa
(Fisher and Lasalle 2004) and is now
considered likely native to Australia
(Mendel et al. 2004)

57. Eucalyptus gall wasp/Blue gum chalcid
2001
Australia Karnataka
Singh., 2004
Hosts:: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis, E.
grandis, E. deanei, E. nitens, E. botryyoides, E.
saligna, E. gunii, E. robusta, E. bridgesiana, E.
viminalis
Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

58. Damage
• L. invasa lay eggs in the bark or shoots or the midribs of leaves
• The eggs develop into minute, white, legless larvae within the host
plant
• Damage is caused when the developing larvae produces galls on the
leaf midribs, petioles and twigs
• Severely attacked trees show stunted growth, lodging, dieback and
eventually death of tree

59. Erythrina gall wasp
2006
Tanzania, East
Africa Kerala
Singh., 2004
Hosts: The erythrina gall wasp forms galls on the
leaves, stems, petioles, and young shoots of Erythrina
spp. (“coral tree”), with atleast five species known to
be affected.
Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

60. • It is a major invasive pest on Erythina spp. in black pepper plantations
of Kerala and Karnataka.
• The Erythina gall wasp was first noticed in 2005 and 2006 and spread
to all districts of Kerala and Karnataka
• Nearly 60 per cent damage of Erythina plants were observed in
Wayanad District of Kerala during 2006.
• The damage in Erythina plants directly affects production of black
pepper in these areas as Erythina plants are used for trailing Black
Pepper and Vanilla.
Faizal., 2009
Conti…

61. South American tomato leaf miner
2014
South America
T. absoluta was recorded on two hosts viz., tomato as well as potato and the
incidence was higher on tomato than potato
Solanaceous weeds, including Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium egg plant,
pepper and potato (Pereyra., 2006)
Sridhar et al., 2014
Tuta absoluta Meyrick Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae
Pune, Maharashtra.

62. Agricultural trade of tomato fruits has been
cited as the main pathway in which Tuta
absoluta (Desneux et al., 2010).
Different miner stages can survive on
tomato, eggplant and packaging material,
including crates, boxes etc. (Karadjova et
al., 2013).
Pathway of tomato leaf miner

63. Nature of damage
• After hatching, young larvae of T. absoluta immediately mined into
tomato leaves, apical buds, stalks or fruits
• Feeding resulted inconspicuous mines (blotches) and galleries on
leaves and pin hole sized holes on fruits from the stalk end generally
covered with the frass.
• Larvae mainly attacked leaves, creating blotch/leaf mines visible
from both sides of the leaf.
• The mines have dark frass (excrement) visible inside and the mined
areas turned brown and dried over time

64. Management of Tuta absoluta
Pre-planting practices
• 1. Plough the fields immediately after harvest of the crop to expose
the pupae
• 2. Ensure that the poly house/ green house are insect proof in case
of protected cultivation
• 3. Crop rotation with non -solanaceous crops such as bhendi,
beans, cole crops, leafy vegetables etc.
• 4. Neem cake application @ 200 kg/acre as basal application in
main field

65. Conti..
Nursery stage
• 1. Proper nursery management and use of pest free seedling
materials.
• 2. Raise the tomato seedlings under nylon net (200 mesh size).
• 3. Seedling root dip in Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/l at the time
of transplanting
• Spray Profenophos 50 EC @ 2ml/l as first spray at 30 DAT.
• Spray Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.15 ml/l as second spray at
45 DAT.
• Spray Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 0.6 ml/l as third spray at 60
DAT

66. Natural enemy
• Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter)
varshney and Ballal, 2017

67. Fall Armyworm
2018
Africa
Sharanabasappa and Kalleshwaraswamy, 2018
Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to tropical and
subtropical America
Spodoptera furgiperda (J.E. Smith) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Karnataka

68. Possibilities- The fall armyworm has spread through trade routes to Africa
and Asia.
The FAW moth populations are capable of migrating very fast (almost 100
km per night and nearly 500 km)
The Fall Armyworm
is a polyphagous pest
that is native to the
tropics in North and
South America. In
North America, the
FAW will move north
in the late summer
and early fall, which
is when it does most
of its damage. It then
dies off in the cold
weather.

69. Temporal spread of FAW
Suby et al., 2020

70. Nature of damage
• After the eggs hatch the young larvae feed on
the opened leaves by leaving a silvery
transparent membrane
• Later on the larvae enters into the whorl and
start feeding between the leaves
• Usually within a whorl, one or two larvae are
present as a result a lot of faecal matter gets
accumulated within the whorl leading to the
characteristic symptom of damage
• The older larvae feed on the developing
primordial shoot, thus resulting in dead heart
symptoms.

71. Management
• Control of FAW in early instar is more effective than attempting
controlling at late stages when they are stronger to resist control
measures and the damage caused is also more significant.
• In India, the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee
(CIB and RC) has recommended the insecticides, namely
chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/l, spinetoram 11.7 % SC @
0.5 ml/l, thiamethoxam 12.6% + lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC @
0.25 ml/l for minimizing the damage in maize.
• The Government of India (GoI) has recently recommended the use
of cyantraniliprole 19.8% + thiamethoxam 19.8% FS @ 6 ml/kg
seed as seed treatment against FAW
• Bt aizawai HD 68 and Bt thuringiensis 4412 have shown 80% and
80.4% mortality, respectively, against FAW in laboratory studies
(Polanczyk et al. 2000). de Souza et al. (2009)

72. Conti..
• H. indica (EPN) at 15 days after plant emergence reduced FAW
infestation by 65-72% in kharif season and 50-65% in rabi season.
• Combination of H. indica with emamectin benzoate at split doses
could reduce the infestation by 80-88%
• Field data revealed that spray of aqueous suspension of SpfrNPV
NBAIR1 twice @ 3 ml/L @ 1.5 × 10 (POBs)/ha, on the 20th and
35th day after sowing reduced the FAW infestation by 80.4%
during the rabi season and 68-72% during the kharif season and
increased yield and general growth of the maize plants
Telenomus remus Trichogramma sp Glyptapanteles creatonoti
Sharanabasappa and Kalleshwaraswamy., 2018

73. New whitefly species
PEST Introduction
place
Host Native References
Aleurodicus
disperses-
Western ghats Coconut Central America -
Aleurodicus
rugioperculatus-
2016, Pollachi,
Tamil Nadu
Coconut - (Sundararaj &
Selvaraj, 2017)
Paraleyrodes
bondari-
2018, Kerala Coconut palms Brazil (Josephrajkumar
et al., 2019)
Paraleyrodes
minei-
2018, Kerala Coconut Brazil (Mohan et al.,
2019)
Aleurothrixus
trachoides
2015, Karnataka Duranta erecta
and Capsicum
annum
Neotropical
region
(Dubey &
Sundararaj, 2015
Tetraleurodes
acaciae
Karnataka Subabul California (Sundararaj &
Vimala, 2018)
Aleurotrachelus
atratus
2019, Karnataka Coconut and an
ornamental palm
Neotropical
region
Selvaraj,
Sundararaj, et al.,
2019)

74. Neotropical Whitefly
 Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) - in India
on Coconut from brazil
 The pest is found to be colonising on coconut palm, Cocos nucifera
(Arecales: Arecaceae) and ornamental palm, Dypsea lutescens
(Arecales: Arecaceae) at Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka
during February, 2019
Native: Brazil
Selvaraj et al., 2019

75. Natural enemies
• One parasitoid, Encarsia spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
• Four predators viz., Dichochrysa astour (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
nbair.res.in
Encarsia spp Cybochephalus spp Chilocorus nigrita
Jauravia pallidula

76. • Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Neotropical
origin
2019
Sundararaj et al., 2020
Kozhikode district in
Kerala
Guava
Woolly whitefly
Planting
material

77. Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly (BNW)
• Bondar – Brazil entomologist Gregeron Bondar
• The genus is popularly known as ‘nesting whitefly’ based on the
pattern of wax formation around the immature stages
• The adult whiteflies resting inside the fluffy tiny nest just like a bird
in its brood
Josephrajkumar., 2019

78. • Kerala- coconut palms
Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly (BNW)
Central
America 2019
Josephrajkumar., 2019

79. a-Eggs laid in clusters in the woolly wax nest; b-Mobile crawlers;
c-Puparium d-Adult Bondar’s nesting whitefly with X-shaped
marking; e-Woolly wax-like nests on palm leaflets; f-Male
abdomen; g-Female abdomen
Josephrajkumar., 2019

80. Host range
• Paraleyrodes bondari has been noticed in different cotton growing
tracts of Tamil Nadu and also hosts a range of Indian crops,
including banana (Musa paradisiaca), sugarcane (Saccharum
officinarum), guava (Psidium guajava), coconut (Cocos nucifera),
and jamun (Syzygium cumini)
Sadhana et al., 2021

81. Natural Enemies
• Biological control using the aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsia
guadeloupae Viggiani
(Josephrajkumar et al. 2018)
Encarsia guadeloupae

82. Chilli thrips
• Thrips parvispinus (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae)
• First reported from Thailand 2000
• In India, this species was first
reported on Carica papaya L.
(Caricaceae) in Bengaluru (Tyagi et
al. 2015)
• later on Brugmansia sp. (Solanaceae)
and Dahlia rosea Cav. (Asteraceae)
(Rachana et al. 2018; Roselin et al.
2021).
Host: beans, eggplant, papaya, pepper, potato, shallot and strawberry (NPPO
2019).
Native: Asian tropics
nbair

83. Damaging Symptom
• Chilli plants were damaged by both larvae and adults preferably
from young leaves (upper and lower surface)
• Flower buds, and fruits leading to characteristic silvery-white
patches, curling, crinkling and mottled leaves

84. Strategies for avoiding spread of the invasive thrips
• The main objective should be to evade further spread of this thrips to
other chilli growing areas of India by complete destruction of the
infested plants in the specific areas.
• Use healthy and pest free seedlings for planting.
• Constant exhaustive monitoring and inspection for its infestation in
new areas through surveys in chilli growing areas.
• Microbial bio pesticide based management practices- Pseudomonas
fluorescence-NBAIR PFDWD@20g/l or Bacillus albus-NBAIR-
BATP@20g/l spray focusing on flowers and fruits.
• Judicious use of chemical insecticides as well as fertilizers as per the
Package of Practices (POP) recommended by the local
regions/Universities/Departments.
nbair

85. Monitoring in India
Other crop-specific institutes of ICAR, Ministry of Agriculture and
farmer’s welfare, Government of India

86. DPPQ&S works by adopting various laws
• The Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914 and amendments (DIP)
• The Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order 2003 –
Amendments
• Adopting international guidelines from International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC, 1951) and WTO
• International Standards on Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) to
avoid/stop any entry of invasive insects/pathogens/weeds to the
country via international Trade and commerce.
• For the export of Agricultural commodities, Phytosanitary
Certificates (PSC) is being issued in accordance with the IPPC
convention.

87. Management
• Various Phytosanitary Treatments viz., Fumigation, Forced Hot Air
Treatment, VHT, Hot Water Immersion Treatment, Irradiation, Dry Heat
Treatment
• In order to identify quarantine insect pests in the imported materials is
examined at the entry points by various methods viz., Visual
Examination, Microscopic Examination, X-ray, Fluoroscopy &
Radiography.
• The present available methods/approaches for controlling invasive
insects viz., Mechanical, chemical and biological approaches needs to
be revised.
• Mechanical and chemical approaches are costly, laborious, and pro-
environment

88. Different approaches
1. Monitoring:
a. Preparation of Pest Risk Analyses (PRA) helpful to identify the
quarantine pest in advance, so that mitigation measures can be prepared.
b. Prepare a complete document (mapping) of possible entry of
invasive insects in to the country.
2. Prevention:
a. Identify the species known to be invasive at the quarantine entry
points.
b. Early detection.
3. Management/Control
a. Taxonomic confirmation of the species, its origin.
b. Should have knowledge about insect morphology, bio-ecology and
place of origin.
c. Find out availability of control agents in native place if any
importing from its native place.

89. Entomological Warfare
Can insects are used as biological
weapon?

90. Biological weapon
• It is use of Living organisms like Viruses,
Bacteria, Fungi, protozoa and insects or
their toxins to cause disease or kill
humans, animals and plants.
• In 14th century in Asia Minor plague
which was spread through fleas also
known as black death was the on the of
earliest event of using insect as biological
weapons it was used in Crimean against
the city of Kaffa (Kirby., 2005)
Chaudhry., 2007
• In World War 2 Germans used Colorado beetle against enemy crops
(Lockwood., 2008)
• Japanese also used plague infected fleas and cholera infected flies against
Chinese in World War 2 (Novick et al. 2008)

91. CONCLUSION

93. Invasive pest Scientific name Introduced Native Natural enemy
San Jose scale Quadaraspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock)
(Hemiptera :
Diaspididae)
1879 / (1921-
Kashmir)
China Aphytis (proclia
group)ectoparasitoid,
Encarsia perniciosi Tower -
endoparasitoid and Coccinella
infernalis Mulsant -predator
Woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum
(Hausmann) (Hemiptera:
Aphididae)
1889 Coonoor, Tamil
Nadu/ 1909
Uttarpradesh
China / America Aphelinus mali (Haldeman)
Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea opercullela
Zeller (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae
1906 (East Bengal
Now in Bangladesh)
Italy Copidosoma koehleri, an egg
- larval parasitoid; Chelonus
blackburnii - exotic parasitoid
Cottony cushion
scale
Icerya purchasi Maskell
(Hemiptera:
Margarodidae)
1920 Tamil Nadu Australia Rodolia cardinalis
Pine woolly aphid Pineus pini (Macquart)
(Hemiptera; Adelgidae)
1970/ Nilgiris, Tamil
Nadu
Western &
Central Europe
Tetraphleps raoi, T.
abdulghanii Ghauri
Subabul psyllid Heteropsylla cubana
Crawford (Hemiptera:
Psyllidae)
1988 Tamil Nadu &
Bangalore
Central America Curinus coeruleus Mulsant
from Mexico

94. Invasive pest Scientific name Introduced Native Natural enemy
Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus
hampei Ferrari
(Coleoptera:
Curculionidae)
1990, Gudalur, Tamilnadu Northeast
Africa
Prorops nasuta Waterston;
Cephalonomia stephanoderis
Betrem (Hymenoptera:
Bethylidae) from Mexico and
Phymastichus coffea Lasalle
(Eulophidae) from Colombia
Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii
(Burgess) (Diptera:
Agromyzidae)
1991, Hyderabad,
Telangana
Florida
(U.S.A.)
Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae and
Braconidae - Diglyphus begina,
D. intermedius
Spiralling white fly Aleurodicus disperses
Russell (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae)
1993, Kerala Central
America
Encarsia haitiensis and E.
Guadeloupe Viggiani
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) -
Lakshadweep Islands;
Axinoscymnus puttarudiahi
Kapur (Coccinellidae) and
Cybocephalus sp. (Coleoptera:
Nitidulidae)
Coconut Eriophid
mite
Aceria gurreronis
Keifer (Arachnida:
Eriophyidae)
1997, Enakulam, Kerala Mexico Predatory mites-Amblyseius
largoensis Muma, Neoseiulus
mumai, Neoseiulus baraki and
Fungi-Hirsutella thompsonii

95. Invasive pest Scientific name Introduced Native Natural enemy
Eucalyptus gall wasp
/Blue gum chalcid
Leptocybe invasa
Fisher & La Salle
(Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae)
2001 Karnataka/ Tamil
Nadu
Australia Megastigmus sp. and
Aprostocetus gala Walker
Erythrina gall wasp Quadrastichus
erythrinae Kim
(Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae)
2006 Kerala Tanzania, East
Africa
Eulophids -Quadrastichus
ingens, Q. gallicola, Q.
bardus, Aprostocetus nitens
Cotton mealy bug Phenococcus
solenopsis
2006 Gujarat Central america Aenasius bambawalei
Hayat (Hymenoptera:
Tanwar et al. 2007
Papaya mealy bug Paracoccus
marginatus Williams
and Granara de
Willink (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae)
2007 Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu
Mexico Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri; lepidopteran
predator - Spalgis epius
(Lycaenidae);
Anagyrus loecki Noyes &
Menazes, Acerophagous
papayae Noyes & Schauff
and Pseudleptomastrix
mexicana Noyes and
Schauff

96. Invasive pest Scientific name Introduced Native Natural enemy
South American
tomato pinworm/
Tomato leaf minor
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick, 1917)
(Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae)
2014, Pune,
Maharashtra
Australia Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter;
Neochrysocharis formosa
(Westwood); Habrobacon sp.;
Goniozus sp. Trichogramma achaeae
Rugose spiraling
whitefly (coconut)
Aleurodicus
rugioperculatus
Martin (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae)
2016, Tamil Nadu Central
America
Eulophids -Quadrastichus ingens, Q.
gallicola, Q. bardus, Aprostocetus
nitens
Fall armyworm Spodoptera
frugiperda (JE Smith)
(Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae
2018, Karnataka America Egg parasitoids-Telenomus remus
Nixon (Hymenoptera:
Platygastridae); Trichogramma sp.;
Gregarious larval parasitoid-
Glyptapanteles creatonoti (Viereck)
(Braconidae); Solitary larval
parasitoid- Campoletis chlorideae
Uchida (Ichneumonidae).

97. Invasive pest Scientific name Introduced Native Natural enemy
Bondar’s Nesting
Whitefly (Coconut)
Paraleyrodes bondari
Peracchi (Hemiptera :
Aleyrodidae)
2018 Kerala Central
America
Parasitoid, Encarsia spp.
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
and predators viz.,
Dichochrysa astour
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae),
Cybochephalus spp.
(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae),
Chilocorus nigrita and
Jauravia pallidula
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Neotropical Whitefly
(Coconut)
Aleurotrachelus
atratus Hempel
(Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae)
2019 Mandya/ Bangalore Brazil Parasitoid, Encarsia spp.
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
and predators viz.,
Dichochrysa astour
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae),
Cybochephalus spp.
(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae),
Chilocorus nigrita and
Jauravia pallidula
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Chilli thrips Thrips parvispinus 2015- Bengaluru
2021- Andhra Pradesh
Asian tropics Pseudomonas fluorescence or
Bacillus albus