These topic is about the pesticide resistance develop in Brown Plant Hopper (BPH)

1. NEW CHALLENGES TO MANAGEMENT OF
RESISTANCE TO NEONICOTINOIDS IN RICE
BROWN PLANT HOPPER
Submitted By:-
Hemlata
M.Sc. Previous Year
Deptt. of Entomology
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI
VISHWAVIDALAYA,RAIPUR

2. INTRODUCTION
• Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the major
foods being consumed by world’s
population. India is largest producer of
rice.
• In India Chhattisgarh state is known as
‘Rice bowl’ of the country.
• Rice is also attacked by several insect
pests. Among these brown planthopper
Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) is major sucking
pest. The BPH causes direct damage to
rice plant by sucking the plant sap.

3. Brown Plant Hopper
S.N- Nilaparvata lugens
Family- Delphacidae
Order- Hemiptera
• BPH is monophagous, feeding only on rice (Oryza sativa ).
• Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap. The egg laid by female
inside the leaf sheath,after hatching the Nymph and adult
congregate at the base of plants, above water level, and suck plant
sap.
• In severe infestation the leaves first turn yellow, and later brown and
finally the affected plants dry and die and giving a scorched
appearance called“Hopper burn”.

4. Damage caused by Brown Plant Hopper

5. NEONICOTINOIDS
• Neonicotinoids are a class of
neuro-active insecticide
chemically similar to nicotine.
In the 1980s Shell and in 1990s
Bayer started work on their
development. This group has
expanded most rapidly in last two
decades because of their broad
insecticidal spectrum, exhibiting
systemic and translaminar
properties, and high residual
activity with unique mode of
action (Elbert et al., 1998).

6. • Neonicotinoid group includes Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Nitenpyram,
Thiamethoxam, Thiacloprid, Clothiamidin, Dinotefuran
Imidacloprid :
• It is the first neonicotinoid to be commercialized and being used over 140 crops in more than
120 countries and marketed as confidor for seed treatment, foliar spray and soil
application.Its versatility allows worldwide application against sucking and chewing pests of
many vegetable crops (Mandal et al., 2007, Rana et al., 2006). It is available in different
formulations viz., 70% WS ,70% WG and 17.8SL,50 SC
Thiamethoxam:
• It is second neonicotinoid insecticide in use and marketed as actara for foliar spray and as
cruiser for seed treatment use (Maienfisch et al., 2001). This is highly systemic and broad
spectrum insecticide used against sucking pests and some chewing and soil living insects. . It
is available in different formulations viz., 70% WS(seed treatment) ,25% WG (foliar spray) ,25
WDG.
•
-

7. Acetamiprid:
• It is a broad spectrum insecticides active against with some ovicidal and larvicidal action
against wide range of sucking insects (Kiriyama et al.,1993). It has good translaminar, long
lasting systemic activity with contact and stomach action and moderately active against
lepidopteran pests such as diamond back moth.It can be applied to soil as well as foliage and
as seed treatment. It is available in different formulations viz., 20% SP & trade name pride.
Thiacloprid :
• It is systemic insecticide with broad spectrum having long lasting effect against sucking pests
(Erdelen,2001) and has been developed especially for foliar spray application. the trade of
Calypso/Alanto and the recommended dose is 54-72 g a.i/ha.
Dinotefuran:
• Effective against leafminers, beetles and weevils on vegetables.It is available as 1-2 G, 20
SC and 0.5% D.

8. Clothianidin:
• It is a broad spectrum insecticide having contact, stomach and high systemic action and relatively used
at very low usage rates as foliar spray, soil application and as seed treatment (Altmann 2003).It is
active against sucking insects such as aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies and thrips. Because of its
excellent root systemicity, clothianidin is very active against a broad spectrum of root, stem and leaf
feeding pests as well as soil inhabiting pests that dwell in and around the seed. It is available in 50 %
WDG and the recommended dose is 15-25 g a.i/ha.
Nitenpyram:
• It has good translaminar and translocation action, because of its high water solubility nitenpyram
shows good systemic activity.(Minamida et al., 1993).Therefore it can control pests by special soil
treatment methods such as hole placement, plant root treatment before and after transplanting and as
soil incorporation.It controls homopterous insects pests and on vegetables and against thrips of
vegetable.It is applied at the rate of 75 g a.i./ha as dust formulation.

9. Resistance to neonicotinoid compounds
The hazardous use of neonicotinoids has given
rise to many problems viz. resurgence effect on
insects, insect resistance to insecticides,
outbreaks of new biotypes due to high selection
pressure, destruction of natural enemies.
“Repeated use of these insecticides
causes resistance development in brown
planthopper. There is need to investigate the
promising chemicals in control of brown
planthopper (Jhansi Lakshmi et al., 2010)”.

10. • The continuous use of these insecticides has destroyed the natural
equilibrium between N. lugens and its natural enemies in India.
• Pests which survived, built-up fast due to either the absence of
natural enemies or very low populations which were ineffective in
preventing a build up of hoppers (Kulshreshth et al., 1976).
• The insecticide resistance has been reported to be at its incipient
stage in India (Sarupa et al, 1998; Padmakumari et al, 2002). Since
late 1990’s, a new group of insecticides called neonicotinoids viz.
imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin were extensively
utilized for suppressing the planthopper populations in China, India,
Japan and Korea. Their application at low doses (20–25 g/h).However,
their continuous usage resulted in the development of resistance in
planthoppers against this new group of insecticides in China, Japan
and Korea and suspected resistance in several rice growing tracts in
India as well (Krishnaiah et al, 2006).
•

11. • The development of insecticide resistance in rice planthoppers viz.
brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper during 2004 and
2006. The LC50 values and resistance ratios (RRs) were worked out.
The resistance ratio defined as LC50 (natural population)divided by
LC50(reference strain) was calculated to evaluate the level of
resistance of field population
• During 2004, in BPH the resistance ratios for neonicotinoid
insecticides viz. imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin were
35.1, 10.8 and 4.9 respectively indicating high levels of insecticide
resistance. However, BPH remained susceptible to phenyl-pyrazole
group insecticides viz. fipronil and ethiprole with RR values of 0.9 and
0.6 respectively. During 2006, BPH in Godavari delta exhibited
increased order of resistance to neonicotinoids with RR values of
64.9, 17.9 and 13.2 for imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin
reported by Jhansi Lakshmi et al. (2010).

12. • The insecticide resistance has been reported by conducting the
experiment in the Glasshouse,Raipur Rana et al(2015) a new group of
insecticides called neonicotinoids viz. imidacloprid, Acetamiprid and
Dinotefuron having fluctuating results on the susceptibility of BPH
against neonicotinoids. it was found that the highly reliable and
mostly adopted systemic insecticides are being failed to control the
pest.

13. BIOTYPE
• The term BPH biotype refers to the populations of Nilaparvata
lugens which differs in their ability to feed on and destroy varieties
with a specific major gene for resistance (Diehl and Bush, 1984).
• At least 5 different biotypes of BPH are known (Anon., 1981). Among
the BPH biotypes prevailing in South East Asia, biotype 4 is the most
destructive and distributed over the Indian sub continent (Heinrichs,
1986). Heinrichs et al. (1985) reported that four varieties of IR series
viz. IR 56, IR 58, IR 60 and IR 62 were found to be resistant to BPH
biotypes 1, 2 and 3,Babawee is resistant to biotype 4.
• The International Rice Brown Planthopper Nursery (IRBPHN), laguna
(philippines) can provide additional information on the existence of
BPH biotypes throughout Asia (Krishnaiah, 2014). Pophaly et al.
(2001) evaluated about 7,500 rice accessions against BPH in the glass
house at Raipur during 1992 to 1998. During the period 327 rice
accessions were identified with resistance to BPH.

14. Resistance Management
Resistant varieties-
•In Chhattishgarh region were evaluated for BPH resistant varities VSR-
23,MS-47,VSR-14 and VSR-8 were found resistant to Raipur BPH insect
population and other three varities viz. VSR-20, VSR-2,VS-19 were
moderately resistant (Pophaly and Gupta,1995).
• Grow resistance varieties like
Chaitanya,Krishnaveni,Chandana,sonasati,jyoti,bharatidason,Aruna,Trigu
na, Deepthi, Nandi, Vijeta, Pratitha, Vajram etc.
• Heinrichs et al. (1985) reported that four varieties of IR series viz. IR
56, IR 58, IR 60 and IR 62 were found to be resistant to BPH biotypes 1, 2
and 3.

15. • Cultural control
• Avoid dense planting
• Excess application of N fertilizer may be avoided.
• In SRI (System of Rice Intensification) to avoid the BPH, the periodical
drying and wetting may be followed for short period to create
disturbance in micro climatic conditions favorable to pest
development.
• Mechanical control
Installation of light trap @2/h.

16. Biological control
Predators
Lady beetle - Active during the day in the upper half of rice canopy
-Larvae are more voracious than adults
Gavarra and Raros (1973) have reported that spiders in rice fields can play
an important role as predators in reducing the densities of planthoppers .
Pardosa sp. and Tetragnatha sp. Belonging to Lycosidae and Tetragnathidae
were the most dominant spider species.
predators scienific names family order
Green mirid bug Cyrtorhinus
lividipennis
Miridae Hemiptera Consumes 3-5
hoppers per day
Carabid beetle Ophionea
nigrofasciata
Carabidae Coleoptera Consumes 3-5
hoppers per day
Lady beetle Harmonia
octamaculata
Coccinellidae Coleoptera Consume 5-10
prey a day

17. Entomopathogenous fungi
• Beauveria bassiana @5.0g/l
• Metarhizium anisopliae @5.0g/l
• Pandora delphacis effective in
controlling rice BPH, formulations as
10% Dust &70%WP.
• Hirsutella citriformis is one of tha most
widely distributed fungus diseaseas of
the BPH of rice,during periods of high
insect density H. citriformis often a
major mortality factor.

18. • Biopestcides
• foliar spraying of NSKE @5% OR NEEM OIL 0.5 % or neem based
commercial pesticides 300 ppm .
(Achook,nemax, neemgold, rakshak, trishul etc.)
• Chemical control
ETL for Brown plant hopper 5 to 10 insect/hill.
Application of these chemical insecticides were effective against brown
plant hopper in rice
foliar spray
• Thiamethoxam 100g/ha
• Imidacloprid 125ml/ha
It is neccessary to use insecticides having different mode of action& rotation
of chemicals is important to avoid BPH .
• Ethioprole 10EC-500ml/ha
• Bifenthrin (talstar)-10EC -250ml/ha.

19. Insecticides resistant management against
Neonicotinoids
1. Always use products at the recommended label rates and spray
intervals with the appropriate application equipment
2. Rotation of insecticide chemistries acts against rapid selection of
resistant populations.
3. Use suitable rotation partners for neonicotinoids.
4. The use of neonicotinoids against different pests in the same crop.
5.Donot control a multi-generation pest exclusively with neonicotinoids.
6. Never use neonicotinoids for follow up treatments where resistance
has already reduced their effectiveness.
7. The use of non specific products helps to prevent the development of
resistance.

20. 8. Plan the use of neonicotinoid insecticides in such a way that they
complement the efficacy of the prevalent beneficial organisms.
9. Good agricultural practices should be applied along side physical and
biological pest control methods.
10. Monitor problematic pest populations in order to detect first shifts
in sensitivity.

21. Japanese farmers rediscover ancientrice-growingtechniquethat
boosts production withoutthe need forchemicals
• On his six-hectare farm in the village of Keisen,on
Japan's Kyushu island, Takao Furuno,grows rice and wheat
without chemicals
• He rediscovered an ancient rice-growing practice involving
the use of ducks. Dozens of these birds, raised on the farm,
patrol the paddy fields. They feed on insects and weeds,
without touching the plants. Their wading oxygenates the
water and stirs up the soil. Their droppings are a natural
fertiliser.
• It mainly control the Swarming caterpillar (Spodoptera
mauritina)and case worm (Nymphula depunctalis).