invasive alien species of pest in India and some regulatory measures

1. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES - PESTS
Course Teacher
Dr. R. VELAZHAHAN
Student
MOHAMMED FAISAL P

2. Alien species are non-native or exotic organisms that
occur outside their natural adapted habitat and dispersal
potential.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) defines Alien Invasive Species is one
which becomes established in natural or seminatural
ecosystems or habitat, and threatens native biological
diversity. These invasive are widely distributed in all kinds of
ecosystems throughout the world and include all categories
of living organisms.

3. PATHWAY OF INVASION
INTRODUCTION
ESTABLISHMENT
SPREAD
NEUTRALIZATION

4. Relative importance of pathways and commodities associated with
insect interceptions in Europe during 1995–2004
Kenis et al. (2007)

5. Invasion and Establishment
The globalization has increased international agricultural
trade, and movement of seeds and planting materials has
enhanced the risk of introduction of alien pests.
No natural enemies which keep them in check in their
native range
Can multiply in large proportion and cause damage to
economically important plant species and crop plants.
(Ananthakrishnan, 2009)

6. The ability to reproduce both asexually and sexually
Fast growth
Rapid reproduction
High dispersal ability
Phenotypic plasticity (the ability to alter one's growth form
to suit current conditions)
Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions
(Ecological competition)
Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generlist)
Association with humans
Features of invasive species

8. In India, 116 alien insect species include mainly the
coleopterans and lepidopterans.
(Doddabasappa et al., 2010).
Twenty eight native Indian species are found in other bio
geographical zones
(MoEF, 2008)
Based on total potential crop production in India, crop losses
to alien arthropods total US$ 16.8 billion per year
(Pimentel et al. 2001)
IAS scenario in India

10. 1. Wooly apple aphid - Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)
Introduced in India during 18th century with imported
apple rootstock from China.
It was first recorded in Conoor during 1889.
Hosts: Primarily apple and pear.
Natural enemies:
Release of Aphelinus mali during 1930 in Kulu valley
resulted in 98 per cent suppression of the pest.
The effective predators for the management included
Coccinella septempunctata, Ballia ancharis,, Exochomus
uropygialis, Coleophora sunzeti.

11. 2. San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
The scale was native of China, reached India in 1911, and by 1933 had
attained pest status in fruit orchards and plantations.
Hosts:
Populus spp.; Salix spp.; Aesculus spp.;
Alnus spp.; Betula spp.; Celtis spp. etc
Damage:
In severe infestations, leaves and fruits may also be penetrated. Bark
often cracks and exudes gum, resulting in a surrounding dark-brown
gelatinous area.
 Heavy infestation causes cessation of growth and loss of yield.
Natural enemies:
The local natural enemies Aphytis sp from Himachal Pradesh as
reported by Rawat and Pawar (1991)

12. 3. Lantana bug, Orthezia insignis
In 1915 it was introduced into India (Nilgiri region) from Sri Lanka
or West Indies .
Hosts:
Mainly lantana, Coffee, Jacaranda,
Citrus, Sweet potato, Gumwood, Brinjal, Rose etc.
Damage:
Orthezia insignis is a mobile scale insect, Adult female has a large
wax ovisac and species is parthenogenetic. Eggs hatch inside the
ovisac and the 1st instar nymphs then move out to feed.
Natural enemies:
Hyperaspis pantherina Fursch (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)

13. A native of Northeast Africa
In 1990 reported from Nilgiris introduced form Sri Lanka
Damage:
The fertilized female bores an entrance hole at the
terminal pore or in the calyx ridge of the differential
tissue that surrounds the pore and lays bean shaped
eggs.
Natural enemies:
Several parasitoids are recorded, three were
introduced into India. Prorops nasuta, Cephalonomia
stephanoderis.
4. Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus
hampei

14. 5. Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella
Introduced with imported potatoes from Italy to India in 1937.
Hosts:
It has wide host range, tobacco, tomato, brinjal, beat and it is a
serious pest of stored potato.
Damage:
Caterpillars initially mine into leaves and later make way in veins
into petioles and then to stem and some time to the tubers in soil. It
can complete 12 generations in one year
(Hill, 1993)
Natural enemies:
Insecticides commonly use to keep the pest below EIL with bio
agents Chelonus blackburni and Copidosoma kochleti
(Chandish et al., 1989)

15. INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION
• Along with crops
• With soil
• As predators or parasitoids
• For research purpose
UNINTENTIONAL INTRIODUCTION
• With plant products
• Seed materials
• Live stock or other materials
• With packing materials, Machinary etc.,

16. Impact of invasive spp. to the agro ecosystem
Without natural enemies or control in the new land they
take over the ecosystem and compete with native species.
Transform the structure and species composition of
ecosystem – out competing directly or indirectly
Competition for food and habitat
(Goka et al., 2007)

18. Created in 2002 with the following tasks
To collect data on invasive alien species in the EPPO region
To collect information on official control measures existing in
the EPPO region for invasive alien species
To conduct pilot studies on pest risk assessment and pest
risk management of specific invasive alien plants.
About 20 Panel members nominated by the National Plant
Protection Organization of their countries.
Meets every year.
European and Mediterranean
Plant Protection Organization

20. Category Behaviour and habitat invaded
Low
no yield or other economic losses are reported,
the species is either sporadic in the crop, it is a
weak competitor
Medium
yield or other economic losses are reported, but
only occur in particular conditions
High the species can be dominant in a crop with regular
management and is often very abundant

21. MANAGEMENT
Monitoring is required to determine location/ early detection
of problematic species.
Effective planning for early detection and reporting of
infestations
CAB International for Global invasive species program
(GISP) proposes 3 major management options, prevention,
early detection, and eradication

22. STRATEGIES
Examining the ecology and genetic make-up of the IAS is required
for developing suitable management strategies
The utility of genomic approaches for determining invasion
mechanisms through analysis of gene expression, gene interactions
and genomic rearrangements that are associated with invasion events
Lee (2002)
Developing policies with sound biological rationales ensuring the
effective biodiversity conservation affect
Accelerating the implementation action on the ground urgently
Ensuring the legislative frameworks which are adequate to support
the policies
(Walton, 2008)

23. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS
The Government of India has approved the notification of a new
(Plant Quarantine Order, 2003) in harmonizing India’s regulatory
framework with the International plant protection convention
Internationally accepted standards - SPS agreement of the World
Trade Organization.
Efforts are also continuing to improve the export certification process
and standards
(Shah, 2008)
The 2003 new order for plant quarantine in India makes pest risk
analysis a precondition for imports and prohibit import of commodities
contaminated with alien species.

24. Government Agencies/Programs/Ministries dealing with
IAS
The Ministry of Agriculture
• The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC)
• Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE)
• Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
• Animal Quarantine and Certification Services Stations
• Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage

26. The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, invaded
the Gulf states in the mid-1980s, causing severe damage to
date palms.
Discovered attacking palms in the Arabian peninsula
(Gush, 1997; Abraham et al., 1998)
Yields have been estimated to have dropped from 10 tonnes
to 0.7 tonnes per hectare
(Gush, 1997)
The weevil is widely found in southern Asia

27. Larvae & cocoons
Adult weevil
Infected stem

28. Geographical records of Asian Rhynchophorus species
Wattanapongsiri (1966);

29. Natural enemies of Rhynchophorus species

30. The Development of IPM for Red Palm Weevil
through the Integration of Biological Control
Direct injection of insecticide into the trunk of the coconut
palm.
Rao et al. (1973).
Palm weevil pheromones comprise eight to ten carbon
secondary alcohols, and (4S, 5S)-4-methyl-5-nonanol,
known colloquially as ferrugineol
(Giblin- Davis et al., 1996).
The introduction of host specific natural enemies (Scolia
erratica ) from the area of origin of the pest - development
of a biopesticide.
Hanounik (1998)

31. Economic losses to introduced pests in crops, pastures, and forests