2. Presentation of the different grammars of
English and the varied grammatical analysis that
were developed.
Developments took place resulted on shifts in
theories of language and language acquisition as
well as pedagogical orientations.
3. First Shift
From prescription of what was norm
or standard to description of what was
really said (traditional grammar to
structural grammar)
Second Shift
From focus on forms or structures in a
sentence to focus on meaning (structural
grammar to semantic grammar)
4. A. Some arrangement of forms signalling different
meanings
1. Visiting aunts/ can be boring. (This refers to
aunts to come visiting)
2. Visiting aunts/ can be boring. (This refers to
the practice of paying visits to aunts)
B. Different arrangement of forms signalling the
same meaning.
1. The children broke the window. (active voice)
2. The window was broken by the children.
(passive voice)
5. Third Shift (Leech & Quirks Communicative
Grammar)
From language viewed merely as a system to
language viewed as communication (emphasis and
meaning depending on context)
Fourth Shift
From focus on the code to focus on the
learner (emphasis was placed on the learner,
teaching of grammar
