3. Contents
• Review of anatomy and physiology of the genitourinary system
• History, physical assessment, diagnostic tests
• Urinary tract infections
• Nephritis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Renal calculi
• Renal failure
• Disorders of ureter, urinary bladder and urethra
• Disorders of prostate
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Important Terms
Nephrology:- Nephr (o) means kidney -logy means the study of
Nephrology is the study of the anatomy and physiology of the kidney.
Nephrologists:- Nephr(o) means kidney -logist means one who studies.
A nephrologists is physician specializing in the conditions such as kidney
disease, renal failure, dialysis patients and renal transplants.
Urology:-Ur(o) means urine -logy means the study of.
Urology is the study of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract and
the male and female reproductive system.
Urologist:- Ur(o) means urine -logist means one who studies.
A urologist is a physician specializing in the treatment of the male and
female urinary tract and reproductive system.
12.
13. • Anuria- An- means without. -uria means
possessing urine. Anuria is the absence of
urine.
• Diuresis- Diuresis is an increase in the volume
of urine.
• Dysuria - Dys- means bad or painful. -uria
means possessing urine. Dysuria is painful
urination.
14. • Micturition- Micturition is the act of passing
urine. Also called urinating and voiding.
• Enuresis- Enuresis is involuntary nocturnal
urination.
• Frequency- Frequency is when the patient
voids more frequently than what is usual for
the patient.
• Glomerulonephritis - Glomerul(o) is pertaining
to the glomerulus. Nephritis is inflammation of
the kidney. Glomerulonephritis is the
inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidneys.
15. • Glycosuria - Glyco- means glucose.
uria means possessing urine.
Glycosuria is the abnormal presence of glucose in
the urine.
• Hematuria - Hemat- means pertaining to blood.
uria means possessing urine.
Hematuria is blood in the urine.
• Hesitancy- Hesitancy is difficulty initiating
urination.
16. • IncontinenceIn- means lack of.Continence
means the ability of control the bladder or
bowel functions.Incontinence is the inability
of control urination or defecation.
• NephrolithiasisNephr(o) means pertaining to
the kidney.Lithiasis means the presence or
formation of stones.Nephrolithiasis is a
condition of having renal calculi or stones in
the kidney.
17. • NocturiaNoct- means night.-uria means
possessing urine.Nocturia is excessive
urination at night.
• OliguriaOlig- means few or little.-uria means
possessing urine.Oliguria is a decrease in the
formation or passing of urine.
• PolyuriaPoly- means much or many.-uria
means possessing urine.Polyuria is the passing
of an abnormally large amount of urine.
18. • ProteinuriaProtein is complex nitrogenous
compounds.-uria means possessing
urine.Proteinuria is the presence of an
abnormally large amount of protein in the
urine.
• Pyuria-uria means possessing urine.Pyuria is
the presences of an abnormal amount of
white blood cells in the urine
19. • Renal calculusRenal is pertaining to the
kidneys.Calculus is a stone formed by the
accumulation of mineral salts.Renal calculus is a
stone occurring in the urinary tract.
• Renal FailureRenal is pertaining to the
kidneys.Renal Failure is the inability of the
kidneys to concentrate urine or excrete waste.
• UremiaUremia is the presence of a large amount
of urea in the blood.Also known as azotemia.
20. • Urea-urea is a compound containing urea.Urea is
waste products from protein metabolism.
• Urinary retentionUrinary means urine.Retention
is the resistance to movement.Urinary retention
is the inability of the patient to empty their
bladder.
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)Urinary means urine
or the formation of urine. Urinary tract is the
organs involved in the secretion and elimination
of urine.A UTI is an infection of any of the
structures of the urinary tract.
22. Diagnostic Studies of the Urinary
System
• Pyelogram
Pyel(o) means kidney or pelvis.-gram means
a drawing or a written record. A pyelogram is
an x-ray of the upper urinary tract after the
introduction of a radiopaque contrast material.
24. • UrethrogramUrethr(o) means urethra.-gram
means a drawing or a written record.A
urethrogram is a procedure to visualize the
urethra after the introduction of a contrast
material.
25. • Renal biopsyRenal is pertaining to the
kidneys.Biopsy is the removal of a small piece
of tissue to be used for microscopic
examination.A renal biopsy is a procedure in
which a needle is inserted into the kidney to
obtain a specimen.
26. • Renal arteriogramRenal is pertaining to the
kidneys.Arteriogram is an x-ray of an artery
that has been injected with a radiopaque
contrast material.A renal arteriogram is the
visualization of the renal blood vessels.
27. • Computed tomography (CT)A CT is a
technique that uses radiographic to produce
an image of the cross section of tissue. It is
used to visualize the kidneys.
28. • CystogramCyst(o) bladder or sac.-gram means
a drawing or a written record.The visualization
and recording of the urinary bladder after a
radiopaque contrast material has been
introduced
29. • CystoscopyCyst(o) bladder or sac.-scopy is a
visual examination with a lighted instrument.A
cystoscopy is the visualization of the lower
urinary tract using a Intravenous pyelogram
(IVP)Intravenous is pertaining to inside the
vein.Pyel(o) means kidney or pelvis.-gram
means a drawing or a written record.An x-ray
of the kidneys and other structures of the
urinary tract using a intravenously injected
contrast material.
30. • cystoscope.Kidney, ureters, bladder (KUB)A
KUB is an x-ray to determine the size, shape,
and location of the kidneys and other
structure of the urinary tract.
31. • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic
means lodestone.Resonance means to sound
again.Imaging means image.An MRI is a
procedure used to produce an image by the
creation of a magnetic field to give detailed
information about the kidneys.
32. • Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)Intravenous is
pertaining to inside the vein.Pyel(o) means
kidney or pelvis.-gram means a drawing or a
written record.An x-ray of the kidneys and
other structures of the urinary tract using a
intravenously injected contrast material.
33. • Kidney, ureters, bladder (KUB)A KUB is an x-
ray to determine the size, shape, and location
of the kidneys and other structure of the
urinary tract.
34. • Cystoscopy Cyst(o) bladder or sac.-scopy is a
visual examination with a lighted instrument.A
cystoscopy is the visualization of the lower
urinary tract using a cystoscope.
