1. Dr Neeta Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of psychology
Certified Practitioner of EFT &
REBT (London) & CBT (Scotland)
DAV PG College
Dehradun
Gender Issues & Gender
Discrimination
2. Gender issues include all aspects and concerns
related to women's and
men's lives and situation
in society, to the way they
interrelate, their differences
in access to and
use of resources, their
activities, and how they
react to changes,
interventions and policies.
3. 1.Uneven access to education
A 2013 report by UNESCO found that 31
million girls of primary school age were not in
school, and about one out of every four young
women in developing countries had never
completed their primary school education.
That same report suggests that educated
women are more likely to get married later,
survive childbirth, raise healthy kids, find
work, and earn more money, among other
positives.
Of all the illiterate people in the world, ⅔
are women. When girls are not educated
on the same level as boys, it has a huge
effect on their future and the kinds of
opportunities they’ll get.
4. 2. Lack of employment
equality
Only 6 countries in the
world give women the same
legal work rights as men. In fact,
most economies give women
only ¾ the rights of men.
Studies show that if employment
became a more even playing
field, it has a positive domino
effect on other areas prone to
gender inequality.
5. 3. Job segregation
One of the causes for gender inequality
within employment is the division of
jobs. In most societies, there’s an
inherent belief that men are simply
better equipped to handle certain jobs.
Most of the time, those are the jobs that
pay the best. This discrimination results
in lower income for women. Women
also take on the primary responsibility
for unpaid labor, so even as they
participate in the paid workforce, they
have extra work that never gets
recognized financially.
6. 4. Lack of legal protections
According to research from the World Bank,
over one billion women don’t have legal
protection against domestic sexual violence
or domestic economic violence. Both have a
significant impact on women’s ability to thrive
and live in freedom. In many countries,
there’s also a lack of legal protections against
harassment in the workplace, at school, and in
public. These places become unsafe and
without protection, women frequently have to
make decisions that compromise and
limit their goals.
7. 5. Reproductive Health & Rights
25 million women in developing countries
have an unmet need for family planning,
contributing to 74 million
unplanned pregnancies and 36 million
abortions every year, according to figures
cited by Women Deliver, a women’s advocacy
group . Helping women take charge of their
baby-making reduces unsafe abortions and
maternal deaths by over 70% each, and
conserves precious resources that would
otherwise have gone toward pregnancy-
related costs.
8. 6. Maternal Health
The World Health Organization estimates
that 800 women die every day from
preventable, pregnancy-related
causes.
That’s nearly 300,000 lives per
year needlessly lost during
what is fundamentally a
life-creating event.
What more is there to say?
9. 5. Gender-based Violence:
1 in 3 women experience physical or
sexual violence in their lifetimes,
according to WHO. Whether it’s
domestic abuse, rape, or sexual
trafficking, gender-based violence
denies far too many women the
opportunity to live happy, healthy,
and fulfilling lives.
10. 6.Lack of religious freedom
When religious freedom is attacked,
women suffer the most. According
to the World Economic Forum, when
extremist ideologies (such as ISIS)
come into a community and restrict
religious freedom, gender inequality
gets worseWhen there’s more
religious freedom, an economy
becomes more stable.
11. 7.Lack of political representation
As of June of 2019, 11 Heads of State were women. Despite progress in
this area over the years, women are still grossly underrepresented in
government and the political process. This means that certain issues that
female politicians tend to bring up – such as parental leave and childcare,
pensions, gender equality laws and gender-based violence – are often
neglected.
12. 8. Societal mindsets
It’s less tangible than some of the other causes on this list, but the
overall mindset of a society has a significant impact on gender
inequality. How society determines the
differences and value of men vs. women
plays a starring role in every arena,
whether it’s employment or the legal
system or healthcare. Beliefs about
gender run deep and even though
progress can be made through laws
and structural changes.
13. Gender discrimination
It is unequal or disadvantageous treatment of an individual or group of
individuals based on gender.
Gender discrimination can be treating an individual differently based upon
his/her gender in academia or extracurricular activities, academic programs,
discipline, class assignments given in a classroom, class enrollment,
physical education, grading, and/or athletics. Gender discrimination, also
known as sexual discrimination, is any action that specifically denies
opportunities, privileges, or rewards to a person (or a group) because of
gender. The practice of letting a person's gender become a factor when
deciding who receives a job or a promotion, is gender discrimination. Sexual
harassment is a form of illegal gender discrimination.
14. Sex discrimination is when you are treated differently because of your
sex, in certain situations covered by the Equality Act 2010.
What the Equality Act says about sex discrimination
The Equality Act 2010 says you must not be discriminated against
because:
>you are (or are not) a particular sex
>someone thinks you are the opposite sex (this is known as
discrimination by perception)
>you are connected to someone of a particular sex (this is known as
discrimination by association)
In the Equality Act, sex can mean either male or female, or a group of
people like men or boys, or women or girls.
15. Different types of sex discrimination
There are four main types of sex discrimination.
1. Direct discrimination
This happens when, because
of your sex, someone treats you
worse than someone of the
opposite sex who is in a similar
situation. For example:
a nightclub offers free entry to
women but charges men to get in
16. 2. Indirect discrimination
Indirect discrimination happens when an organisation
has a particular policy or way of working that
applies in the same way to both sexes but
which puts you at a disadvantage because
of your sex. For example:
An employer decides to change shift
patterns for staff so that they finish
at 5pm instead of 3pm. Female
employees with caring responsibilities
could be at a disadvantage if the new
shift pattern means they cannot collect
their children from school or childcare.
17. 3. Harassment
There are three types of harassment relating to sex.
The first type of harassment is the same for all of
the protected characteristics. It is when someone makes
you feel humiliated, offended or degraded.
For example:
•A manager makes comments that there is no point
promoting women because they go off to have children.
Even though he doesn't direct these comments at a
particular female employee, one of his staff is very upset by
this and worries about her career. This could be considered
harassment.
18. The second type of harassment is called sexual harassment. This is
when someone makes you feel humiliated, offended or degraded because
they treat you in a sexual way. This is known as 'unwanted conduct of a
sexual nature' and covers verbal and physical treatment, like sexual
comments or jokes, touching, or assault. It also covers sending emails of a
sexual nature, or putting up
pornographic pictures.
For example:
A university lecturer makes
sexual jokes to one of his female
students and implies that she
will pass her exams if she sleeps
with him.
19. The third type of harassment is when someone
treats you unfairly because you refused to put up
with sexual harassment.
For example:
•A manager invites one of his female employees
home after they have been out for a drink. She
declines. A couple of weeks later she is turned
down for a promotion. She believes this is
because she turned down her boss's proposition.
Harassment can never be justified. However, if an
organisation or employer can show it did
everything it could to prevent people who work for
it from behaving like that, you will not be able to
make a claim for harassment against it, although
you could make a claim against the harasser.
20. 4. Victimisation
This is when you are treated badly because you have
made a complaint of sex related discrimination under
the Equality Act. It can also occur if you are supporting
someone who has made a complaint of sex discrimination.
For example:
•A male colleague is helping a female co-worker with their
claim of sex discrimination and makes a statement at an
Employment Tribunal. The male colleague is then sacked
or treated badly by their employer. This is victimisation
because of sex.
21. Solution for Gender Discrimination
Various movements, programmes are being carried out by the
Government, voluntary organizations and by lot of social activities
for women’s development and against the gender discrimination.
1.Education: educating women is the prime factor to combat
gender discriminate and for the upliftment of women. Not only
the female, the society must be educated to give equal right for
female.
2.Employment Employment gives the income and improves the
economic position of the women. Employed women are given
importance by the family members. Employment gives the
economic independence for the women.
22. 3.Economic Independence
Economic independence will free the women from the slavery
position and boost the self confidence. Economic independence of
women also helps in the national economic development.
4. Empowerment
Empowering women with the help
of laws, education and employment
will make the society to accept the
women as an equal gender like male.
Female also has all the potential and
empowering women will help to use
her full capability and mitigate the
economic dependency of women.
23. 5. Self-confidence:
Women need self confidence to fight against all the atrocities
against her and to live self esteemed life. Hence, boosting the
morale and self confidence of the women, is the key to eliminate
the inferior complex of her.
6. Decision Making Even in the family as well as in the society
the decision making power of women is denied. Mostly males
make the importance decision in the family and in the society. This
makes women as voice less and destroys herself confidence and
she feels less important in the family as well as in the society. So,
to end gender discrimination women must empower with decision
making power.
