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Approaches & Methods of Life Span Development
- 1. Dr Neeta Gupta Associate Professor Department of psychology Certified Practitioner of EFT & REBT (London) & CBT (Scotland) DAV PG College Dehradun Approaches & Methods of Life-Span Development
- 2. Developmental psychologists use various perspectives for studying Life Span Development: 1.Psychodynamic perspective 2.Behaviouristic Perspective 3.Social-Learning Perspective 4.Cognitive Perspective 5.Information-Processing Perspective 6.Humanistic Perspective 7.Socio-Cultural Perspective
- 3. 1.The Psychodynamic Perspective: Advocates of this theory believe that much behaviour is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. The inner forces, which may stem from childhood, influence behaviour throughout life.
- 4. Freud and Ericson are two key psychodynamic theory whose theory remain influential today. The psychodynamic perspective is most closely associated with Sigmund Freud. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behaviour. To Freud, the unconscious is a part of the personality about which a person is unaware.
- 5. He Describes development and behaviour as a result of the interplay of inner drives, memories and conflicts we are unaware of and can not control. These inner forces influence our behaviour throughout our lives. Freud suggested that the unconscious is responsible for a good part of our everyday behavior
- 6. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory. It emphasizes our social interaction with other people. In Erikson’s view, society and culture both challenge and shape us. Psychosocial development encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of us as members of society.
- 7. 2.The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior. Behaviorists examine only behaviour that can be observed and beleive that all behaviour is influenced by the physical and social environment. Watson beleived he could control the child’s destiny by controlling an infant’s physical and social environment.
- 8. Classical Conditioning. Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus.
- 9. Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.
- 10. So behaviour becomes more probable depending on its consequences.
- 11. It differs from classical conditioning in that the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful rather than automatic (such as salivating). Principles of operant conditioning are used in behavior
- 12. 3.Social-cognitive learning theory focuses on learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model. Albert Bandura has explained significant amount of learning is by social-cognitive learning theory. Operant conditioning makes learning a matter of trial and error, social- cognitive learning theory makes learning a product of observation. Social-cognitive learning theory holds that when we see the behavior of a model being rewarded, we are likely to imitate that behavior.
- 13. In contrast with Behavioural perspective Bandura viwed individual as active in their development rather than passively molded by their physical and social environment.
- 14. 4.The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding. The cognitive perspective emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world. By using this perspective, developmental researchers hope to understand how children and adults process information and how their ways of thinking and understanding affect their behavior.
- 15. Piaget suggests that the growth in children’s understanding of the world can be explained by two basic principles: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process in which people understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and existing ways of thinking. In contrast, accommodation refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.
- 16. 5.Information Processing Approaches: A perspective that uses a computer analogy to describe how the mind receives information and manipulates, stores, recalls and uses it to solve problems.
- 17. 6.The Humanistic Perspective: The humanistic perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and to control their behaviour. The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives instead of relying on societal standards. Carl Rogers, suggests that people need positive regard, which results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected.
- 18. 7.Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. Sociocultural theory emphasizes that development is a reciprocal transaction between the people in a child’s environment and the child. Vygotsky believed that people and settings influence the child, who in turn influences the people and settings.
- 19. Methods: Developmental psychologists use many methods in order to better understand how individuals change mentally and physically over time. These methods include 1.Naturalistic observations, 2.Case studies, 3.Surveys, and 4.Experiments, among others.
- 20. 1.Naturalistic observation is a research method in which people or other subjects are observed in their natural setting. Psychologists and other social scientists use naturalistic observation to study specific social or cultural settings that couldn't be investigated in other ways, such as prisons, bars, and hospitals.
- 21. 2. Case study: developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan. This particular approach is an excellent way to better understand individuals, who are exceptional in some way, but it is especially prone to researcher bias in interpretation, and it is difficult to generalize conclusions to the larger population.
- 22. 3.A survey is a research method used for collecting data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights into various topics of interest. They can have multiple purposes, and researchers can conduct it in many ways depending on the methodology chosen and the study’s goal.
- 23. 4.Experiments involve significant control over extraneous variables and manipulation of the independent variable.
- 24. As such, experimental research allows developmental psychologists to make causal statements about certain variables that are important for the developmental process. Because experimental research must occur in a controlled environment, researchers must be cautious about whether behaviours observed in the laboratory translate to an individual’s natural environment.