13. REFERENCES
• AĞCA, M. A. (2011, February 25). Synthetic Biology. Retrieved from: http://ocw.metu.edu.tr/course/view.php?id=137
• Angresh, J. (2014, September 02). Bioprinting may soon remove organ transplant waitlist. Retrieved from https://www.futurereadysingapore.com/2014/bioprinting-may-soon-remove-
organ-transplant-waitlist.html
• Biography.com editors (2015, November 5). Louis Pasteur Biography. Retrieved from : http://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402
• Bud , R. (1992). The Zymotechnic Roots of Biotechnology. The British Journal for the History of Science,25(1), 127-144. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4027008
• De Oliveira, J. M. P. F., & de Graaff, L. H. (2011). Proteomics of industrial fungi: trends and insights for biotechnology. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 89(2), 225–237.
http://doi.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/10.1007/s00253-010-2900-0
• Gurr, S. (2005). Engineering plants with increased disease resistance: what are we going to express? TRENDS in Biotechnology,23(6), 275-282. Retrievied from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.320.8979&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Mironov, V.( 2013). Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends in Biotechnology,21. Retrieved from http://organprint.missouri.edu/www/fibr-
pub/mironov03-157.pdf
• Sarmiento, F. (2015). Cold and hot extremozymes: industrial relevance and current trends. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Retrieved from:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00148/full#?
• Samiksha, S. (N.A) Contribution of Biotechnology to Medical Science. Retrieved from : http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biotechnology/contribution-of-biotechnology-
to-medical-science/29361/
• TREND #2: The Brave New World of Human Enhancement. (2016). Trends Magazine, (163), 9-14.
• Holt, Z. (1970, January 01). Enzymes: Structure, Function, Classification, and Specificity. Retrieved February 12, 2017, from
http://understandingbiologyandlife.blogspot.com/2011/12/enzymes-structure-function.
Editor's Notes
Hello,
My name is Nathaniel Jackson and welcome to my presentation on the trends in my profession of Biotechnology and Biotechnology management.
Biotechnology began under the term zymotechnology which is an applied science that studies the biochemical process of fermentation and its practical uses
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Louis Pasteur is credited with the foundation of zymotechnology and therefore biotechnology due to his experiments with fermentation
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Biography.com editors (2015, November 5). Louis Pasteur Biography. Retrieved from : http://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402
With modern advances and discoveries, biotechnology has grown independently but also within many fields as described in the chart.
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To address current trends in all branches of biotechnology would be incredibly difficult.
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Instead, I will discuss some interesting trends in (click) Agricultural, Industrial, and Medical biotechnology
AĞCA, M. A. (2011, February 25). Synthetic Biology. Retrieved from: http://ocw.metu.edu.tr/course/view.php?id=137
Some products (Click) of agricultural biotechnology are Beer, wine, cider, mead, and perry These products of fermentation have been in mankinds history dating back to the 19th century
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Modern examples of agricultural biotechnology are GMO’s: Genetically modified organisms. These have been considered controversial in the media (Click) because people are wary of altering our foods at the genetic level.
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But genetic manipulation of these foods and crops can provide significant benefits that would not be available in nature.
Bud , R. (1992). The Zymotechnic Roots of Biotechnology. The British Journal for the History of Science,25(1), 127-144. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4027008
One of the main challenges with agriculture is disease. In the past, (Click) protecting crops against disease involved (Click) traditional breeding and (Click) pesticides. But in a 2005 article, Sarah Gurr stated that these solutions were ephemeral and presented (click) several potential protection plans
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RNA interference is a process that regulates protein expression. Understanding the method by which RNAi works has allowed scientists to manipulate and repress the expression of foreign particles.
Master switch genes are transcription factors or kinases which regulate a large network of genes. By manipulating the expression of these master switch genes, the plant could expedite the process of identifying and dealing with the invasion.
Antimicrobial compounds are found naturally within the plant and its membrane. The challenge is the specific nature of the compounds as most will only recognize a specific foreign particle.
Gurr suggests the use of small stacking antimicrobial peptides. This would allow interaction with the plant membrane while also providing a better chance of interacting with any given foreign particle
Gurr, S. (2005). Engineering plants with increased disease resistance: what are we going to express? TRENDS in Biotechnology,23(6), 275-282. Retrievied from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.320.8979&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Enzymes (click) are biological catalysts (click) and are crucial for almost every biochemical process known. They work by reducing the energy required for a reaction to occur. They are reusable, reproducible, and when they are degraded or denatured they produce organic waste which can be recycled in the body.
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Otto Rohm was a pioneer of industrial biotechnology and the use of enzymes when he discovered (click) trypsin. Due to its protein degrading properties, trypsin was added to washing detergents and enzymes are still used to this day.
Holt, Z. (1970, January 01). Enzymes: Structure, Function, Classification, and Specificity. Retrieved February 12, 2017, from http://understandingbiologyandlife.blogspot.com/2011/12/enzymes-structure-function.html
Sarmiento, F. (2015). Cold and hot extremozymes: industrial relevance and current trends. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Retrieved from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00148/full#?
Enzymes are a huge advantage for biological organisms and save a great deal of time and energy. Because of this, enzymes have been an interest of industrial and commercial processes. But these processes are under conditions that were previously believed to be impossible for enzymes to thrive. Including extreme temperature, salt concentration, pH concentration, radiation or even dessication. Modern discoveries have found strains of microorganisms that not only survive but thrive under these harsh conditions which have been named “extremophiles”. These organisms have adapted to their environment and have developed resistances which allow their enzymes to work at peak performance under the considerably harsh conditions. Extremophiles and their extremozymes provide a great alternative to the industrial catalysts currently in use and can reduce waste while saving time and money.
Here is a table of commercially available cold-active enzymes which can perform under extremely low temperatures and require less energy
Sarmiento, F. (2015). Cold and hot extremozymes: industrial relevance and current trends. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Retrieved from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00148/full#?
Here is a table of thermostable enzymes which can perform under extremely high temperatures
Sarmiento, F. (2015). Cold and hot extremozymes: industrial relevance and current trends. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Retrieved from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00148/full#?
(click) Medical biotechnology a large branch that has aided many fields and techniques as described in the figure to the right. Medical biotechnology currently focuses on (Click) pre-existing conditions and I will discuss two examples
(click) Organ printing
(Click) And Human enhancement
Samiksha, S. (N.A) Contribution of Biotechnology to Medical Science. Retrieved from : http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biotechnology/contribution-of-biotechnology-to-medical-science/29361/
Organ printing use 3D Printing technology to print material (click) layer by layer. On the right (click) is an example I found in an article about bioprinting which displays the ability to print multiple materials into a singular, 3 dimensional tube. With the prospect of further research, organ printing or bioprinting is a miracle of modern technology and has the potential to eliminate (click) the organ transplantation wait list.
Human enhancement presents a (click) plethora of possibilities and with a better understanding of the human body we allow ourselves more tools to work with. Of the many examples, the article I found described three of the most notable:
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Synthetic blood is a possible venture that could provide the consumer more strength or stamina by way of genetic engineering.
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Microchip implants are interesting because memory is so important. There have been concepts of implanting microchips into the human brain to increase information processing and to store memories indefinitely.
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And finally the controversial topic of gene editing and designer babies. Gene editing involves removing preexisting disease causing genes from embryos before they proliferate. This is a terrific idea to prevent illness before it has the chance to set in. But then there’s the concept of designer babies where money can buy your child the best genes available. This is where this sort of biotechnology can provide a negative trend but if used to prevent disease and not provide a genetic advantage, I believe gene editing can change many peoples lives.
