3. Low self-efficacy is the strong
belief among people that they cannot
successfully perform their job or make
meaningful contribution.

4. Lack of role clarity
Lack of variety on the job
Working under authoritarian leaders
A reward system that fails to recognize
good employees
Lack of control over organizational
changes

5. John Newstrom & Keith Davis define
Empowerment as :-
“any process that provides greater autonomy
to employees through sharing of relevant
information & the provision of control over
factors affecting job performance.”

6. • Job mastery
• Control
• Role models
• Encouragement & verbal feedback
• Emotional support