it is chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.

1. CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY
DISEASE
BY - MUSKAN KAPOOR

2. INTRODUCTION
● Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung
disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
● It include emphysema, chronic bronchitis.
● COPD is a progressive and incurable
disease.

3. ● It can cause greater long term disability and have greater
effect on the heart and the other organ system than asthma.
● COPD due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis characterized
by airflow limitation that is not fully irreversible.

4. ● In COPD less air flows in and out of the airway because of one
or more of the following :-
- The airway and the air sacs lose their elastic quality .
- The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed .
- The walls of airways become thick and inflamed.
- The airways makes more mucus than usual, which tends to
clog them.

5. EMPHYSEMA
● Damage to alveoli cause emphysema.
● The wall inside the alveoli disappear, making many small sacs became larger,
single sacs.
● These larger sacs don’t absorb oxygen as well.

6. ● Also when the alveoli are damaged, the lungs became
stretched out and lose their springiness.
● The airways become flabby and air is trapped in the lungs.
● It becomes hard to breathe out.
● This creates a feeling of shortness of breath.

7. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
● Damage to the bronchial tubes causes chronic bronchitis.
● Bronchitis occurs when the bronchial tubes are irritated and swollen.
● This causes coughing and shortness of breath.
● If mucus comes up with the cough and the cough lasts at least three months for
two years in a row, the bronchitis has become
chronic bronchitis.
● There are hair-like fibers lining the bronchial
tubes of the lungs.

8. ● These tiny hairs are called cilia.
● The cilia help move mucus up the tubes so it can be
coughed out. In chronic bronchitis, the tubes have
lost their cilia.
● This makes it hard to cough up mucus, which
causes more coughing.

9. ● More coughing makes the tubes more irritated.
● This creates more mucus.
● The tubes then become swollen, making it hard to breathe.
● Smoking even just a little keeps the cilia from working
normally.
● Mucus can build up in the lungs.
● This can cause more damage.

10. SYMPTOMS
● Increased shortness of breath
● Frequent coughing (with and without mucus)
● Increased breathlessness
● Wheezing
● Tightness in the chest

11. CAUSES
● Smoking
● Heavy dust
● Air pollution
● Exposure to chemical or
toxic fumes
● Genetic conditions

12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

13. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

14. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
● Antibiotics
● Bronchodilators
● Chest physiotherapy
● Steroid therapy
● Adrenaline

15. ● Aminophylins
● IV Corticosteroids
● Increase fluid intake
● CPAP
● BiAP

16. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
● Quite smoking
● Avoid using aerosol sprays.
● Avoid to exposure to persons known to have cold or
other respiratory tract infections

17. COMPLICATIONS
● Respiratory insufficiency and respiratory failure
● Pneumonia and respiratory infection
● Right sided heart failure
● Pulmonary hypertension
● Pneumothorax
● Depression and anxiety disorder