Details of Internet Protocol(IP)

1. Note-4
Internet Protocol(IP)
Course Title : Computer Networks Theory
Course Code : CSE 317
Submitted To
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer, Department Of CSE
City University, Dhaka
Submitted By
Mushahadur Rahaman Khan
ID: 1834902513
BSc in CSE (Day)
Batch: 49th

2. Internet Protocol(IP) :
An Internet protocol or IP address is a logical address that is used to uniquely identify each host on the
Internet. Internet Protocol. Each computer on the network has a unique identity in the Internet connection
system. This address is called an IP address. The IP address is used to identify each host individually. It s
requires a logical address. This logical address is called the Internet Protocol IP address. Each host needs a
separate indicator to connect to the Internet. No host or computer can be connected to the Internet without
an IP address. Each computer in the network needs an IP address to communicate with each other.
Classification of IP Addresses : According to the version, the IP address is divided into two parts.
1. IPv4
2. IPv6
IPv4 : IP version 4
This is the 4th version of the Internet Protocol and the main protocol of the Standard Internetworking
method.
It was created in 1973 by ARPANET for the first version of IPv4. IPv4 is a 32-bit address space through
which about 5 billion addresses can be used. In this age of information technology, in a very short period
of time, innumerable network devices are being connected to the Internet and an IP Address is used for
each device. The networks we are currently using on our mobile computers are also IPv4 networks. The IP
address is divided into 4 parts and each part has 6 bits. IP addresses are usually expressed in decimal
numbers. For example, 134.155.111.11 is an IP address. We can write and use it in binary if we want.
However, since there are many numbers in binary, it is difficult to remember, so the IP address is usually
expressed in decimals. The IP address of IP version 4 is divided into two parts. The first part is the network
part and the last part is the host part. This IP address starts at 0.0.0.0 and ends at 255.255.255.255. It has a
total of 4294967296 IP addresses. With which we can identify 4294967294 hosts.
IPv6 : IP version 6
It is an 128-bit addressing system. An example of this is: "2001: ODB8: 0234: AB00: 0123: 4567: 8901:
ABCD". And with the help of this addressing system, we can generate countless different addresses. With
IPv6 it is possible to generate unique addresses "340,282,38,920,937,463,463,374,706,431,7,211,458". In
other words, you can imagine that even if every person has a few lakh devices through this system, it will
not be possible to finish using a unique address. But the sad thing is that even today we do not use IPv6,
we only use IPv4. Because to use IPv6, your internet service provider, your modem or router and website
hosting servers also need to use IPv6 together. And we don't use IPv6 to this day. IPV6 is used in less than
1% of the world. Moreover, we all use IPv4.

3. IP addresses are divided into 5 parts based on the class. Each class has a range.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
Class A :
IP version 4 is divided into 4 octets and each part has 8 bits. And it is also known that each IP address has
two parts, the network part and the host part. The first octet of the Class A IP address is for the network and
the last 3 octets are for the host. This means that the first 6 bits are for the network and the last 24 bits are
for the host. Class A IP addresses range from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255.
For class A : N H H H.
Class B :
The IP address starts at 128.0.0.0 and ends at 191.255.255.255. The first 16 bits are used for the network
and the last 16 bits are used for the host. We can use the IP address of Class B when we need the same
number of networks and hosts in our network.
For class A : N N H H.
Class C :
The IP address starts at 192.0.0.0 and ends at 223.255.255.255. The first 24 bits are used for the network
and the last 6 bits are used for the host. We can use the IP address of Class C when we need more network
and less host.
For class A : N N N H.
Class D :
Class D is a special class IP address. Its range is from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Class D IP addresses
are not open to everyone. The IP address of this network is used for Multicast Group.

4. Class E :
The range of IP address from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 is called Class E. IP addresses of this range are
commonly used for biological research. Here the IP address 255.255.255.255 is used for broadcast.
The IP address has also been further divided into two parts.
1. Private IP Address
2. Public IP Address
Private IP Address :
IP addresses that cannot be accessed through the Internet are called private IP addresses. Each class has
some private IP addresses.
Range Private IP Address :
Class A its range of 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255.
Class B its range of 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255.
Class C its range of 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255.
Public IP Address :
All IP addresses that can be accessed through the Internet are called public IP addresses. All IP addresses
except private IPs are called public IPs.

5. 1. https://raiyanazad.blogspot.com/2019/02/blog-post_45.html
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