An IP addresses an identifier for a particular machine on a particular network. IP stands for Internet Protocol. IP works at network layer of OSI model. The network portion of the IP Address is allocated by the internet service provider(ISP) under authority of the Internet Assigned Number Authority(IANA). There are two main types of IP Addresses. IPv4 IPv6 Which section of the IP Addresses represent the network and which section represent the machine will depend on what ‘class’ of the ip address is assigned to a network. Without IP Address devices on different networks will not be able to communicate. Every device needs an IP address in order to communicate(connect) to the internet.

1. IPv4 & IPv6
Course Name: Computer Networking
Department: Information Technology

2. Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. IPV4
1. Class A
2. Class B
3. Class C
4. Class D
5. Class E
3. IPV5
4. IPV6
5. DIFFERENCE
6. CONCLUSION
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3. INTRODUCTION
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IP ADDRESSING
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● An IP addresses an identifier for a particular machine on a particular network.
○ IP stands for Internet Protocol.
○ IP works at network layer of OSI model.
● The network portion of the IP Address is allocated by the internet service provider(ISP) under authority
of the Internet Assigned Number Authority(IANA).
○ There are two main types of IP Addresses.
■ IPv4
■ IPv6
● Which section of the IP Addresses represent the network and which section represent the machine will
depend on what ‘class’ of the ip address is assigned to a network.
○ Without IP Address devices on different networks will not be able to communicate.
○ Every device needs an IP address in order to communicate(connect) to the internet.

4. INTRODUCTION
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ADDRESSING
PHYSICAL
LOGICAL
MAC ADDR
IPv4 IPv6
Public IP Private IP
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Static IP Addr
Dynamic IP Addr

5. IPV4
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● Internet Protocol version 4.
● 32 bit Logical address is divided into five sub-classes.
These are:
● Class A
● Class B
● Class C
● Class D
● Class E
Each of these classes has a valid range of IP addresses.
Classes D and E are reserved for multicast and experimental
purposes respectively. The order of bits in the first octet
determine the classes of IP address.IPv4 address is divided into
two parts:
● Network ID
● Host ID
IP Address Network ID Host ID
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4 OCTETS
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

6. 6
IPV4
Class A addresses are for networks with large number of total hosts. Class A allows for
126 networks by using the first octet for the network ID. The first bit in this octet, is always
zero. The remaining seven bits in this octet complete the network ID. The 24 bits in the
remaining three octets represent the hosts ID and allows for approximately 17 million
hosts per network. Class A network number values begin at 1 and end at 127.
If the 32 bit binary address starts with a bit 0, then IP Address belongs to class A. Class A
binary address format is 0NNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
● Public IP Range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0
○ First octet value range from 1 to 127
● Private IP Range: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
● Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (8 bits)
● Number of Networks: 126
● Number of Hosts per Network: 16,777,214
More info...
NET ID
(Starting with 0)
32 bit
8 bit 24 bit
Host ID
2
CLASS A
2.1
1 0 0 0
4 OCTETS
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
127 0 0 0
NETWORK ID
HOST ID
COLOR
CODING

7. ● If the 32 bit binary address starts with bits 10, then IP Address belongs to class B. And If
the 32 bit address is written in decimal than it starts with decimal 128.
● Class B binary address format is: 10NNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
In class B IP Address
● The first 16 bits are used for the Network ID. The remaining 16 bits are used for the Host ID.
● Public IP Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
○ First octet value range from 128 to 191
● Private IP Range: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
● Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (16 bits)
● Number of Networks: 16,382
● Number of Hosts per Network: 65,534
Use
● Class B is used by organizations requiring medium size networks like IRCTC, banks etc.
More info...
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IPV4
2
CLASS B
2.2
32 bit
16 bit 16 bit
Host ID
NETWORK ID
128 0 0 0
4 OCTETS
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
191 225 0 0

8. 8
IPV4
2
CLASS C
2.2
32 bit
24 bit 8 bit
Host ID
NETWORK ID
● If the 32 bit binary address starts with bits 110, then IP Address belongs to class C. And
If the 32 bit address is written in decimal than it starts with decimal 192.
● Class B binary address format is: 110NNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH
In class C IP Address
● The first 24 bits are used for the Network ID. The remaining 8 bits are used for the Host
ID.
● Public IP Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0
○ First octet value range from 192 to 223
● Private IP Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
● Special IP Range: 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255
● Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
● Number of Networks: 2,097,150
● Number of Hosts per Network: 254
Use
● Class C is used by organizations requiring small to medium size networks.
● For example- engineering colleges, small universities, small offices etc.
More info...
192 0 0 0
4 OCTETS
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
223 225 225 0

9. 9
IPV4
2
CLASS D
2.2
32 bit
NETWORK ID
● If the 32 bit binary address starts with bits 1110, then IP Address belongs to class D.
And If the 32 bit address is written in decimal than it starts with decimal 224.
● Class B binary address format is: 1110NNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN
In class D IP Address
● Class D is not divided into Network ID and Host ID.
● Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
○ First octet value range from 224 to 239
● Number of Networks: N/A
● Number of Hosts per Network: Multicasting
○ In multicasting data is not destined for a particular host, that is why there is no need to extract host address from
the IP address, and Class D does not have any subnet mask.
Use
● Class D is reserved for multicasting.
● In multicasting, there is no need to extract host address from the IP Address.
● This is because data is not destined for a particular host.
More info...
224 0 0 0
4 OCTETS
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
239 225 225 225

10. 10
IPV4
2
CLASS E
2.2
32 bit
NETWORK ID
● If the 32 bit binary address starts with bits 1111, then IP Address belongs to
class E. And If the 32 bit address is written in decimal than it starts with decimal
240.
● Class B binary address format is:
1111NNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN
In class D IP Address
● Class E IP addresses are not allocated to hosts and are not available for
general use. These are reserved for research purposes.
● Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
○ First octet value range from 240 to 255
● Number of Networks: N/A
● Number of Hosts per Network: Research/Reserved/Experimental
Use
● Class E is reserved for future or experimental and research purposes.
More info...
240 0 0 0
4 OCTETS
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
255 225 225 225

11. IPV5
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● Internet Protocol version 5.
Q. If there is IPv4 & IPv6 than where is IPv5?
○ IPv5 never became an official protocol. What is known as IPv5 started
out under a different name: ​Internet Stream Protocol, or simply ST.
○ The ST/IPv5 internet protocol was developed as a means of streaming
video and voice data by Apple, NeXT, and Sun Microsystems, and it
was experimental. ST was effective at transferring data packets on
specific frequencies while maintaining communication.
○ It would eventually serve as a foundation for the development of
technologies like Voice over IP, or VoIP, which is used for voice
communications over the internet.
more info... 11

12. IPV6
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● Internet Protocol version 6.
○ The IP Address 6 is made of 128 bits, divided into
Eight 16 bits Segments or Blocks.
○ To solve the addressing limitation, the commercial
deployment of this new internet protocol began in 2006
it provides more IP addresses.
● The format of IPv6 is a series of eight 4-character
hexadecimal numbers; each of these represents 16 bits,
for a total of 128 bits. The characters in an IPv6 address
are numbers from 0 to 9 and letters from A to F.
IPv6 uses 128-bit (2128) addresses, allowing 3.4 x 1038 unique IP
addresses. This is equal to 340 trillion trillion trillion IP addresses.
To be exact, it's
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (340
undecillion, 282 decillion, 366 nonillion, 920 octillion, 938 septillion, .
. ., 607 trillion, 431 billion, 768 million, 211 thousand and 456.
And there is no classes in IPv6.
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8 SEGMENTS(BLOCKS)
16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits

13. DIFFERENCE B/W IPv4 & IPv6
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IPv4 IPv6
IPv4 has a 32-bit address length IPv6 has a 128-bit address length
It Supports Manual and DHCP address configuration It supports Auto and renumbering address configuration
In IPv4 end to end, connection integrity is
Unachievable
In IPv6 end to end, connection integrity is Achievable
It can generate 4.29×109 address space Address space of IPv6 is quite large it can produce 3.4×1038
address space
The Security feature is dependent on application IPSEC is an inbuilt security feature in the IPv6 protocol
Address representation of IPv4 is in decimal Address Representation of IPv6 is in hexadecimal
Fragmentation performed by Sender and forwarding
routers
In IPv6 fragmentation performed only by the sender

14. DIFFERENCE B/W IPv4 & IPv6
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14
IPv4
In IPv4 Packet flow identification is not available
IPv6
In IPv6 packet flow identification are Available and uses the
flow label field in the header
In IPv4 checksum field is available In IPv6 checksum field is not available
It has broadcast Message Transmission Scheme In IPv6 multicast and anycast message transmission scheme is
available
In IPv4 Encryption and Authentication facility not
provided
In IPv6 Encryption and Authentication are provided
IPv4 has a header of 20-60 bytes. IPv6 has header of 40 bytes fixed

15. Conclusion
● IPv4 was reliable solution until the explosion of technology started.
● IPv6 seems reliable also, however we cannot stay until we test and deploy.
● In our opinion in the coming years of internet should have shift from IPv4 to
IPv6 due to the high demand of the internet devices especially mobile
phones and IoT Devices.
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16. NETWORKS
COMPUTER
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Questions

17. NETWORKS
COMPUTER
~/Mukesh
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