Ear is divided into three parts; 1. External ear 2. Middle ear 3. Internal ear or Labyrinth

1. Anatomy of EAR
Ear is divided into three parts;
1. External ear
2. Middle ear
3. Internal ear or Labyrinth
1.External Ear
The external ear is further subdivided into three structures;
a) External auricle or Pinna
b) External acoustic canal
c) Tympanic membrane

2. a)External Auricle Or Pinna
The auricle or pinna forms the outer part of
the external auditory canal and consists of a
single piece of elastic cartilage covered with
skin. Various elevations and depressions are
present on the lateral aspect of the pinna. The
deepest depression of the external ear is
called Concha.
The entire pinna (except its lobule & outer
part of external acoustic canal) is made up of a
cartilaginous framework which is a single piece
of yellow elastic cartilage covered with skin. The skin is loosely attached to
perichondrium on the medial aspect (cranial) of pinna while it is in close
adherence to perichondrium on its lateral surface.
Clinical: - The furuncles formed in ear are the most painful than any other site as the
skin is closely adherent to perichondrium & little space is left. When a furuncle is
formed in ear, high pressure is built which causes sensation of intense pain.
Elevated outer margin of auricle or pinna is called Helix. Another smaller elevation
opposite to it is called Anti-Helix. A large conical structure in the base of ear in
front anti-helix is called Tragus. Behind the tragus & at the termination of anti-
helix, a smaller conical structure is called Anti-Tragus. Above the tragus, the
termination of elevated margin i-e helix is downward & backward which is called
Curs of Helix. Curs of helix covers a space called Cymba Conchae, an important
landmark used in mastoid surgery to reach mastoid antrum.
The area between tragus and the crus of helix is called Incisura Terminalis, which
lacks cartilage. An incision through the incisura terminalis does not cut through
the cartilage and is done usually for endaural approach in surgery of external
auditory canal or mastoid.
b)External Acoustic Canal/External Auditory Canal
The external auditory canal extends from the bottom of the concha to the
tympanic membrane. It is about 24 mm in length along its posterior aspect. It is
not a straight tube, its lateral part is directed upwards, backwards, forwards and

3. medially while its inner part is directed downwards, forwards and medially.
Therefore, for the examination of the tympanic membrane the pinna is pulled
upwards, backwards and laterally so as to form the External Auditory Canal a
straight canal.
The external auditory canal is divided into two parts;
a) Outer part/cartilaginous part
b) Inner part/bony part
Outer or lateral one third is cartilaginous which forms almost 8 mm of the
external auditory canal. The cartilage of the outer part is continuous with the
cartilage of the pinna. The skin covering the cartilaginous part is covered with
thick skin and contains ceruminous and pilosebaceous glands which secretes ear
wax. Hair are present only in the outer cartilaginous part, therefore furuncles are
seen only in the outer cartilaginous part.
Inner or medial two third is bony in nature and forms 16 mm of the total auditory
canal. Thin skin is present over the bony part. This part lacks the hair as well as
ceruminous glands.

4. Relations Of External Acoustic Canal
The relations of the external auditory canal are as followings,
a) Anteriorly: - Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
b) Posteriorly: - Mastoid air cells and facial nerve
c) Superiorly: - Middle cranial fossa
d) Inferiorly: - Parotid gland
c)Tympanic Membrane
Tympanic membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear and it is set
in oblique position therefore, its posterosuperior part is more lateral than the
anteroinferior part. Tympanic membrane is almost 10 mm in length, 9 mm wide
and 0.1 mm in thickness.
Tympanic membrane can be divided into two parts;
a) Pars Tensa
b) Pars Flaccida
Pars Tensa forms the major portion of the tympanic membrane. Its peripheral
part is thickened to form a fibrocartilaginous ring called annulus tympanicus. The
central part of the pars tensa is tented inwards at the level of tip of the malleus
and is called Umbo.

5. Pars Flaccida forms the minor portion of the tympanic membrane and it is
situated above the lateral process of the malleus.
Tympanic membrane consists of three layers;
a) Outer epithelial layer, which is continuous with the skin of the external
auditory canal.
b) Middle fibrous layer, which consists of three types of fibers-the radial,
circular and parabolic fibers.
c) Inner mucosal layer, which is continuous with the mucosa of the middle ear
cavity.
Nerve Supply of the External Ear
i. Pinna
a) Greater auricular nerve (C2, C3) supplies the most of the medial surface of
the pinna and posterior part of lateral surface.
b) Lesser occipital nerve (C2) supplies the upper part of the medial surface.
c) Auriculotemporal nerve (V3) supplies the tragus and helix.
d) Auricular branch of the Vagus nerve (CN X) supplies the concha.
e) Facial nerve supplies the concha as well as retroauricular groove.
ii. External Auditory Canal
a) Auriculotemporal nerve (V3) supplies the anterior wall and roof of external
auditory canal.

6. b) Auricular branch of Vagus nerve (CN X) supplies the posterior wall and floor
of the external auditory canal.
c) The sensory fibers of the CN VII through auricular branch of vagus nerve
supply the posterior wall of the external auditory canal.
iii. Tympanic Membrane
a) Auriculotemporal nerve (V3) supplies the anterior aspect of the lateral
surface of the tympanic membrane
b) Auricular branch of the Vagus Nerve (CN X) supplies the posterior half of
the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane
c) Tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) supplies the medial
aspect of the tympanic membrane
2.Middle Ear
The middle ear cavity along with mastoid antrum, Eustachian tube, auditus and
mastoid air cells is called Middle Ear Cleft.
The middle ear is divided into;
 Mestotympanum
 Epitympanum
 Hypotympanum

7. The middle ear is like a six-sided box containing a roof, a floor, medial, lateral,
anterior and posterior walls.
a) The roof is formed by tegmen tympanic.
b) The floor is formed by the thin plate of bone.
c) The anterior wall is formed by the thin plate of bone which separates the
internal carotid artery from the middle ear cavity. The anterior wall
contains the opening of the Eustachian tube.
d) The posterior wall lies close to the mastoid air cells. Facial nerve lies in the
posterior wall of the middle ear.
e) The lateral wall is formed by the tympanic membrane.
f) The medial wall is formed by labyrinth. The medial wall presents a bulging
surface called promontory which is due to the basal coil of the cochlea.
i. Mastoid Antrum
Mastoid antrum is a large, air containing space which is connected to the middle
ear via auditus. Its roof is formed by tegmen antri, which is the continuation of
the tegmen tympani and it separates the mastoid antrum from the middle cranial
fossa. The lateral wall of the mastoid antrum is formed by thin plate of bone.
ii. Auditus
Auditus is an opening through which the mastoid antrum communicates with
middle ear cavity. The facial nerve passes just below the auditus.
iii. Mastoid Air Cells
The mastoid consists of bone with a “honeycomb” appearance of the mastoid.
The mastoid cells are well developed and pneumatized and their intervening
septa are thin. Depending upon the location the mastoid air cells are divided into
following types,
a) Zygomatic cells
b) Perisinus cells
c) Perilabyrinth cells
d) Tegmen cells

8. e) Peritubal cells
f) Retrofacial cells
g) Squamous cells
h) Tip cells
i) Marginal cells
Ossicles of Middle Ear
The Ossicles conduct sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the oval
window and then into the inner ear. There are three Ossicles present in the
middle ear cavity,
a) Malleus
b) Incus
c) Stapes
The malleus has a head, neck, handle, a lateral process and an anterior process.
The handle of malleus is embedded in the fibrous layer of the tympanic
membrane. The lateral process of the malleus makes the knob like projection of
the ear-drum.
The incus has a body and a short process as well as a long process. Both the body
and short process of the incus lie in the attic of middle ear cavity. The long
process is attached to the stapes.

9. The stapes has head, neck, anterior & posterior crura and footplate. The footplate
of the stapes is attached to the oval window of the labyrinth by annular ligament
Muscles of the Middle Ear
There are two intra-tympanic muscles (muscles of the middle ear);
a) Tensor tympani
b) Stapedius

10. Tensor tympani muscle is attached to the malleus and creates tension in the
tympanic membrane. Stapedius is attached to the neck of the stapes and prevent
the inner air from noise pollution by dampening very loud sounds.
Lining of Middle Ear
The mucous membrane of the middle ear is continuous with the mucous
membrane of the nasopharynx. The middle ear cavity is lined with ciliated
columnar epithelium in the anterior wall while the epithelium changes to cuboidal
epithelium in the posterior wall of middle ear cavity.
Blood Supply of the Middle Ear
Ear is supplied by six arteries, two are the major arteries while four are minor
arteries.
a) Anterior tympanic branch of the maxillary artery supplies the tympanic
membrane
b) Stylomastoid branch of auricular artery supplies the middle ear and
mastoid air cells
c) Tympanic branch of the internal carotid artery
d) Superior branch of middle meningeal artery
e) Branch from the artery of the pterygoid canal
f) Petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery
3.Internal Ear
The internal ear also called labyrinth is an important organ for hearing and
maintaining balance of the body. The internal ear consists of bony labyrinth as
well as Membranous Labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is filled with fluid
called Endolymph.
Bony Labyrinth
The bony labyrinth contains three parts;

11. a) Vestibule
b) Semicircular canals
c) Cochlea
The vestibule is the main chamber of the labyrinth. The oval window lies in the
lateral wall of the vestibule. In the posterosuperior part of the vestibule are the
openings of the semicircular canals which are five in number.
The semicircular canals are three in number, the lateral, superior and posterior.
Each canal has an ampulla at its end which opens into vestibule. There are five
openings of the three semicircular canals in the posterosuperior part of the
vestibule.
The bony cochlea makes 2.5 to 2.75 turns around the central pyramid of the bone
called modiolus. The base of the modiolus is directed towards the internal
acoustic meatus. The bony cochlea contains three compartments;
i. Scala vestibuli
ii. Scala tympani
iii. Scala media
The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are filled with perilymph and communicates
with each other with an opening called Helicotrema.
Membranous Labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth consists of cochlear ducts, utericle and saccule, three
semicircular ducts and endolymphatic duct.
The cochlear duct also called Scala Media or Membranous Cochlea is a coiled
tube. On cross-section it appears triangular in appearance. Its three walls are
formed by
a) The Basilar Membrane which provides support to the Organ of Corti.
b) The Reissner’s Membrane which separates the scala media from scala
vestibuli
c) The Stria Vascularis which contains the vascular epithelium containing the
secretory epithelium for secretion of the endolymph

12. The utericle is present in the posterior part of the bony vestibule and receives the
five openings of the three semicircular ducts. Utericle is also connected to the
saccule through utericulosaccular duct. The sensory epithelium of the utericle is
called macula concerned with acceleration and deceleration.
The saccule is also present in the bony vestibule. Its sensory epithelium is also
called macula. It is also concerned with the acceleration and deceleration.
Endolymphatic duct is formed by the union of two ducts, one from each utericle
and saccule.
Blood Supply of Labyrinth
The entire labyrinth receives blood supply through labyrinthine artery, which is a
branch of anterior-inferior cerebellar artery. Sometimes labyrinthine artery also
originates from the basilar artery.
The venous drainage is through three veins;
a) Internal auditory vein
b) Vein of cochlear duct
c) Vein of vestibular duct
Lymphatic Drainage Of Ear
The lymph from concha, tragus, fossa triangularis and external auditory canal is
drained into preauricular and parotid lymph nodes. The lymph from lymph and
antitragus is drained into inferior auricular lymph nodes. The lymph from helix
and antihelix is drained into posterior auricular and deep jugular lymph nodes
Lymph from the middle ear is drained into the parotid and retropharyngeal lymph
nodes. The lymph from Eustachian tube is drained into retropharyngeal lymph
nodes.
There are no more lymphatics and lymph nodes in the inner ear.
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