This will help you about the main resources of soil and minerals in detail.

1. SOIL & MINERAL
RESOURCES
By
Mr. Muhammad Ullah Afridi

2. SOIL RESOURCES
Formation of soil from rocks Factors acting together on
rocks to form soil

3. SOIL
--is formed when rocks and other
materials near the Earth’s surface
are broken down by a number of
processes collectively called
weathering.

4. WEATHERING
• It is the process by which rocks are
chemically altered or physically broken
down into fragments at or near Earth’s
surface.
• Two Forms:
1. Mechanical Weathering – the process of
physically breaking rock into smaller
fragment.
2. Chemical Weathering – a process in which
rock is broken down by chemical reactions.

5. SOIL FORMATION
1. When a piece of rock is exposed to the sun,
its outer part expands.

6. SOIL FORMATION
2. On cooling, at night time, the outer part of the
rock contracts or shrink.

7. SOIL FORMATION
3. Once broken down, water enters the cracks
causing some minerals to dissolve.

8. SOIL FORMATION
4. Air also enters the cracks, and oxygen in the
air combines with some elements. Once soft and
broken, bacteria and small plants start to grow
in the cracks of the rock.

9. FACTORS ACTING
TOGETHER ON ROCKS TO
FORM SOIL
1. CLIMATE – expressed as both temperature
and rainfall effects, is often considered the
most powerful soil- forming factor.
A. Temperature – controls how fast chemical
reactions occur.
 Mature soils have more silt and clay on or
near the surface.

10. FACTORS ACTING
TOGETHER ON ROCKS TO
FORM SOIL
B. Rainfall
 Water directly affects the movement of
soluble soil nutrients from the top soil to
deep under the ground (leaching).
 Acidic Rainwater may also contribute to the
loss of minerals in soil resulting in low field

11. MINERAL RESOURCES

12. MINERALS
--Are naturally occurring, nonliving,
solid with a definite structure and
composition.

13. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1. Luster – is the way in which its
surface reflects light.
a.Metallic – generally opaque and exhibit a
resplendent shine similar to a polished metal
b.Non-metallic – vitreous (glassy), adamantine
(brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly,
dull(earthy), greasy, etc.

14. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
2. HARDNESS – is the resistance of a
mineral to scratching.
MOHS HARDNESS SCALE

15. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
3. COLOR – depend on what element is present
and abundant to a particular mineral

16. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
4. STREAK –the color of minerals in its
powder form.

17. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
5. Fracture – minerals that break with rough or
jagged edger.

18. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
6. CLEAVAGE –way the mineral breaks
along flat smooth surface.

19. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
7. DENSITY – depends on its chemical
composition.
 Minerals made up of elements with
higher atomic masses have higher
densities.

20. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
8.MAGNETISM – minerals containing
iron are magnetic.
9.ACID TEST – use to find out if the
minerals contain CO3.

21. MINERAL
RESOURCES IN
PAKISTAN

22. Important METALLIC MINERALS
found in various parts of the
Pakistan
• Gold
• Copper
• Iron
• Chromite
• Nickel
• Cobalt
• Platinum

23. Pakistan has also varied
NONMETALLIC RESOURCES
• Sand
• Gravel
• Limestone
• Marble
• Clay
• Other quarry materials

24. THANK YOU! 