learn about rocks

1. MINERALS AND ROCKS

2. WHAT IS MINERALS?
• Are naturally formed, generally
inorganic, crystalline, solid and
has a definite chemical
composition. building blocks of
rocks.

3. WHAT IS MINERALOGY?
• Branch of Geology that deals with the study of Minerals. There are about 3,000 known
minerals, of that 20 minerals make up most rocks

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Hardness
4. Cleavage and Fracture
5. Crystalline structure
6. Transparency or diaphaneity
7. Magnetism
8. Tenacity
9. Luster
10. Odor
11. Specific Gravity

5. COLOR
• These usually are the property
used to identify minerals easily. It
is the result of the way minerals
absorb light.

6. STREAK
• Is the colour of the mineral in
powder form. For opaque
minerals, if you rub the sample
across a streak plate, it will leave
a coloured powder.
• This streak is distinctive for
minerals and is used to identify
minerals.

7. HARDNESS
• It refers to the measure of the
mineral’s resistance to scratching.
Minerals with higher numbers
will scratch minerals below. To
measure the relative hardness of
minerals, the Moh's scale is used.

8. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURES
• It is used to describe how
minerals break into pieces.

9. CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
• It is crystal lattice, tells how a
mineral’s crystals are arranged.
• A hand lens is a necessary tool in
checking for crystalline structure.

10. TRANSPARENCY OR DIAPHANEITY
• It indicates the extent of light
that can pass through the
mineral.

11. MAGNETISM
• It indicates the ability of a
mineral to attract or repel other
minerals.

12. TENACITY
• The level of resistance or reaction
of minerals to stress such as
crushing, bending, breaking, or
tearing

13. LUSTER
• It refers to the reaction of a
mineral to light. It determines
how brilliant or dull the mineral
is.

14. ODOR
• a distinct smell of a mineral that is usually released from a chemical reaction
when subjected to water, heat, air or friction.

15. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• is a measure of the density of a
mineral. Determines how heavy
the mineral is by its weight to
water.

16. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
• Carbonate class
• Sulphate class
• Halide class
• Oxide class
• Sulphide class
• Phosphate class
• Native element class

17. CARBONATE CLASS
• It is mostly found deposited in marine environments.

18. SULPHATE CLASS
• It is formed in areas with high
evaporation rates and where
salty waters slowly evaporate.

19. HALIDE CLASS
• It contains natural salts includes
fluorite, halite, sylvite and sal
ammoniac components. Usually
form in lakes, and sal ammoniac
components.

20. OXIDE CLASS
• It is a diverse class. In science,
these minerals are important as
that carry histories of changes in
Earth's magnetic field. They are
formed as precipitates close to
Earth's surface or as oxidation
products of minerals during the
process of weathering.

21. SULPHIDE CLASS
• has important metals such as
copper, lead and silver which are
considered economically
significant.

22. PHOSPHATE CLASS
• It contains minerals with
phosphorus. Considered as
important biological mineral
found in teeth and bones in
many animals.

23. NATIVE ELEMENT CLASS
• It contains metals and inter
metallic elements, semimetals
nonmetals or natural alloys and
constituents of a. few rare
meteorites

24. ROCKS
• Are natural substances consisting
of aggregate minerals clumped
together with other materials
through natural processes. Rocks,
like some materials, are products
of a natural cyclic process.

25. PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
1. Rocks exhibit different properties. As to colour, rocks may be dark,
light, reddish, Gray, brown, yellow or even black.
2. Rocks differ in texture: some are fine, others are rough.
3. Some are glossy in appearance and smooth to touch
4. Most rocks are hard, others are brittle

26. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

27. IGNEOUS ROCKS
• It is derived from the Latin word
ignis meaning “fire” are crystallized
from magma or molten or partially
molten volcanic materials that
came from within Earth.
• Magma rises from the
asthenosphere or at the base of
the crust through volcanoes or any
cracks and fissures on Earth's
surface. When it reaches the
surface of Earth. thru molten
volcanic material is called lava.

28. IMPORTANCE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
• contains fossils that are evidences of geologic past
• coal, petroleum and natural gas are major energy source
• iron , aluminium and manganese are used in the construction
industry.

29. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• From the root word sediments
which means “remaining
particles” are rocks that have
formed from the deposition of
different materials on Earth's
surface.

30. 2 MAJOR GROUPS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

31. CLASTIC
• Form from the accumulation and
lithification of sediments derived
from the breakdown of pre-
existing rocks.

32. NON-CLASTIC
• It is derived from sediments that
precipitated from concentrated
solutions (e.g. seawater) or from
the accumulation of biologic or
organic material (e.g. shells, plant
material).

33. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Meta means “change”” and
morph means “form” are rocks
derived from igneous or
sedimentary rocks that were
exposed to high pressure, high
temperature or a combination of
both, deep below the surface of
Earth.