Student of Iqra university (MR_T) Talha siddiqui

2.  Muhammad Talha (25632)
 Abbas Rasheed ( 25619 )

3.  Fiber optics is not really a new technology, it is
fairly old.
 Guiding the light of refraction .
 The principle that makes fiber optics possible, was
first demonstrated by Daniel colladon & Jacques
babinet in Paris in the early 1840s.
 Alexander Graham Bell patented an optical
telephone system called the photo-phone in 1880.
His earlier invention, the telephone, proved to be
more realistic.

4.  1880- Alexander Graham Bell
 1930- Patents on tubing
 1950- Patents for two layer glass wave guide
 1960- laser first used as light source
 1965- high loss light of discovered
 1970s- Refining of manufacturing process
 1980s- Of technology becomes backbone of long
distance telephone network in NA.

5.  The use of thin flexible fibers of glass or other
transparent solids to transmit light signals, chiefly for
telecommunications or for internal inspection of the
body.

6.  Optical fiber is classified into two categories
based on :-
1. The number of modes
2. The refractive index

7.  The optical fiber are classified into two groups:-
1. Single mode fiber (SMF)
2. Multi mode fiber ( MMF)
Single mode fiber :-
In single mode fiber
only one mode can
propagate through the
fiber. This type of fiber
has small core
diameter(5um) and
high cladding
diameter(70um).
 Multi mode fiber :-
Multi mode fiber allows
a large number of modes
for the light of X_ray
travelling through it .
The core diameter is
(40um) and that cladding
is (70um).

8.  Refraction is the changing direction of light when
it goes into a material of different density.

9.  There are two types of refractive index
1. Step index - optical fiber
2. Granded – index optical fiber
Step index :-
The refractive index of core is constant. The
refractive index of cladding is also constant. The light
rays propagate through it in the form of meri-diagonal
rays.
Granded index:-
In this type of fiber core has a non uniform
refractive index that gradually decrease from the center
towards the core cladding interface.

10.  Three steps are involved in the manufacturing of the
optical fiber which are given below;
 Making a perform glass cylinder
 Drawing the fiber’s from the perform
 Testing the fiber

11.  Fiber optics can accommodate a variety of needs
 It can be used in communication, fiber optics sensor,
illumination, medical.
 And also in other places where bright light needs to be
shone on a target without a clear the line of sight path.
 Used in building to route sunlight from the roof to
other parts of building.
 And many more usages but we will only discuss of
optical fiber in communication here.

12. o In telecommunication fields
o In space application
o Broadband Applications
o Computer appliances industrial applications
o Mining applications
o In medical application
o In military Applications.

13.  Optical fiber can be used as a medium for
telecommunication and computer networking because
it is flexible and can be bundled as cables.
 It is especially advantageous for long distance
communication because light propagate through the
fiber optics.
 In June 2013 the researchers demonstrated
transmission of 400 G-bit/s over a single channel .

14.  For short distance application, such as a network in an
office building fiber optics cabling can save in cable
ducts.
 Fiber is also immune to electrical interface there is no
cross-talk between signals in different cables
 They can be also in used environments where
explosive fumes are present without danger of
ignition.

15.  Advantages:-
1. Low power loss
2. This allows for
longer transmission
3. Size
4. Weight
5. Safety
 Disadvantageous
1. Cost
2. Transmission
3. Fragile
4. Protection
5. Point to point