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Insect pests of citrus Pakistan citrus psylla Leaf Miner Cirus Caterpiller
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- 3. Name of pest Scinetific name Order Family Citrus Psylla Diaphorina citri Hemiptera Aphalaridae Citrus whitefly Dialeurodes citri Hemiptera Aleyrodidae Woglum’s black fly Aleurocanthus woglumi Hemiptera Aleurodidae Citrus red scale Aonidiella aurantii Hemiptera Diaspidae Citrus Leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Lepidoptera Phylocnistidae Citrus caterpillar Papilio demoleus Lepidoptera Papilionidae Citrus Fuitflies Dacus dorsalis Dacus cucurbitae Dacus zonatus Diptera Tephritidae Insect Pests of Citrus 3
- 4. INTRODUCTION The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is widely distributed in southern Asia. It is an important pest of citrus in several countries as it is a vector of a serious citrus disease called greening disease or Huanglongbing 4
- 5. Distribution ◦ Pakistan, China, Taiwan ,India, Japan, Burma, Sri Lanka, USA, Brazil 5
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- 7. Host Plants ◦ Mainly Citrus spp., ◦ at least two species of Murraya (family: Rutaceae) 7
- 8. Description ◦ Adults: The adults are 3 to 4 mm long with a mottled brown body. The head is light brown The forewing is broadest in the apical half, mottled, and with a brown band extending around periphery of the outer half of the wing. The antennae have black tips with two small, light brown spots on the middle segments 8
- 9. Description ◦ Nymphs: D. citri nymphs are 0.25 mm long during the 1st instar, 1.5 to 1.7 mm in last (5th) instar. Their color is generally yellowish-orange. Eggs: The eggs of D. citri are approximately 0.3 mm long elongate, almond-shaped, thicker at base, and tapering toward the distal end. Newly laid eggs are pale, but then turn yellow and finally orange before hatching. 9
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- 15. Eggs are laid on tips of growing shoots on and between unfurling leaves. Females may lay more than 800 eggs during their lives. Nymphs pass through five instars. Total life cycle requires from 15 to 47 days, depending upon the season. Adults may live for several months. There are 9 to 10 generations a year 15
- 16. Active Period: March –October Inactive Period: November – February Period of Optimum Activity ◦ March April ◦ June July 16
- 17. Number of generations: 8-9 generations Life Cycle : ◦ 14-17 days in summer ◦ 15-48 days in winter 17
- 18. Damage 1. Injury caused by psyllids results from the withdrawal of large quantities of sap from the foliage 2. Honey dew secretions on which sooty mold develops. 3. Transmission of the organisms that cause Huanglongbing (greening disease) 18
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- 21. Biological Control: ◦ Nymphal Parastoids Tetrastichus radiatus ◦ Predators: Coccinella septumpunctata Menochilus sexmaculatus Chrysoperla carnea 21
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- 24. Endosulfan (Thiodan 30 EC) ◦ 200 ml/100 L of water Monocrotophos (Nuvacron 40 WSC) ◦ 20 ml/100 L of water Immidacloprid (Confidor 200 SL) ◦ 40 ml/100 L of water 24
- 25. Distribution ◦ Widely distributed in Pakistan, India, Orient and Northern Australia Hosts: ◦ Citrus ◦ Pomelo ◦ Willow ◦ Cinnamon ◦ Loranthus species 25
- 26. ADULT Citrus leafminer is a very small, light-colored moth, less than 1/4 inch long. It has silvery and white iridescent forewings with brown and white markings and a distinct black spot on each wing tip. The hind wings and body are white, with long fringe scales extending from the hindwing margins. 26
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- 28. Larvae Larvae is legless Pale Yellow and Pale green in Colour There are four larval instars (stages). The first three feed only on sap from epidermal cells ruptured by their blade-like, finely toothed mouthparts. Mature third instar larvae are about 3 mm long The fourth instar (prepupa) is yellowish-brown and resembles the third instar larva but it does not feed. It lasts for about one day in summer and uses silk produced from its mouthparts to form a pupal chamber. 28
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- 30. Pupa The yellowish-brown pupae About 2.5 mm long. 30
- 31. EGGS The flat, slightly oval eggs are about 0.3 mm long. They are translucent but appear light green because of the leaf surface. Eggs are laid singly A female can lay more than 50 eggs during her life 31
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- 34. Active Period: March –November Inactive Period: December– February Period of Optimum Activity ◦ March April ◦ July-August 34
- 35. Number of generations: More than 13 Life Cycle : ◦ 12-65 days 35
- 36. Found throughout the year Larval stage cause damage Larvae mine into the young leaf tissues and form zig zag galleries between the upper and lower middle layers Attacked leaves get twisted/folded On older leaves brownish patches are formed which serve as a source of infection of citrus canker. 36
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- 43. Cultural Control ◦ Collection and burning of mined leaves Biological control ◦ Larval parasitoid Cirrospiloideus phyllocnistoides Cirrospilus quadristriatus 43
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- 45. Bifenthrin (Talstar 10EC) ◦ 200 ml/100 L of water Betacyfluthrin (Bulldock 25 EC) ◦ 50 ml/100 L of water Immidacloprid (Confidor 200 SL) ◦ 40 ml/100 L of water 45
- 46. Also known as lemon butterfly Major Pest of citrus Found in Asia, Africa 46
- 47. Host Plants ◦ Mainly Citrus spp., and some species of Rutacceae family 47
- 48. ADULT 28mm in length Body is bluish green Antenna are black and clubbed shaped 48
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- 50. EGGS Small round Pale or greenish yellow when freshly laid Later become brown and darker grey just before hatching 75-120 Eggs 50
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- 52. CATERPILLAR Full grown larvae is yellowish green with some oblique brownish strips Horn like structure on the dorsal side 40 mm long and 6.5 wider 52
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- 54. PUPA The pupae is greenish or straw color and molted with black spots Attached to twig with a silken girdle. 54
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- 57. Active Period: April–November Inactive Period: November -March Period of Optimum Activity ◦ April – May ◦ July-August 57
- 58. Number of generations: More than 3-4/year Life Cycle : ◦ 23-32 days 58
- 59. Larval stage cause damage They start eating leaves from the edge upto the midrib Heavily attacked plants bear no fruits Damage in young plants may result in complete defoliation 59
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- 61. Hand picking and destruction of larva and pupae Egg parasitoid ◦ Trichogramma evanescens Larval Parasitoid ◦ Erycia nymphalidaephaga 61
- 62. Endosulfan (Thiodan 35 EC) ◦ 200 ml/100 L of water Methamidophos (Tamaron 60 SL) ◦ 50 ml/100 L of water 62
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