2. A review of what you’ve learned
about cells and living organisms
Prokaryotic Cell
•no nucleus
•has cell wall

3. Eukaryotic Cell
•has DNA
contained in
nucleus

4.  Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight
and convert it to chemical energy they use for food.
Heterotrophs must get energy by eating
autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
•Carnivores
•Herbivores
•Omnivores
 Decomposers are heterotrophs that recycle dead
organisms by breaking them down.

6. • Taxonomy is the science of grouping
and naming organisms.
Groups organisms based on similarities
• Classification the grouping of
information or objects based on
similarities.

7. •We only know about a fraction of the organisms that
exist or have existed on Earth.
•Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to each
species they know about, whether it’s alive today or
extinct.
•The scientific name comes from one of two “dead”
languages – Latin or ancient Greek.
•Why use a dead language?

8. Devil Cat

9. Ghost Cat

10. Mountain Lion

11. Puma

12. Florida Panther

13. •There are at least 50 common names for
the cat shown on the previous slides.
•Common names vary according to region.
•Soooo……why use a scientific name?
There are about 1.5 million species already
named
Scientists estimate between 2 and 100 million
species that haven’t been discovered yet

14. Binomial Nomenclature
•developed by Carolus Linnaeus
•a two-name system for writing scientific names.
•The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).
•The species name is written second (never capitalized).
•Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.
•Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor
1. Which is the genus? The species?

15. The major classification levels from most
general to most specific (several of these have
subdivisions)
•Linnaeus grouped organisms based on
physical similarities
•Today, organisms are grouped based on
evolutionary characteristics
A group at any level is a taxon.

16. Categories within Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla
Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera
Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
Remember: King Philip came over for George’s sword.

18. The Six Kingdoms and Domains
number of energy cell type examples
cells
Archaebacteria unicellular some autotrophic, prokaryotic “extremophiles”
most chemotrophic
Eubacteria unicellular autotrophic and
heterotrophic
prokaryotic bacteria, E. coli
Fungae most heterotrophic eukaryotic mushrooms, yeast
multicellular
Plantae multicellular autotrophic eukaryotic trees, grass
Animalia multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic humans, insects,
worms
Protista multicellular heterotrophic or
autotrophic
eukaryotic amoeba,
paramecium,
algae

20. The Dichotomous Key
• A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying
an unknown organism.
• The dichotomous key is the most widely used type
in biological sciences.
• The user is presented with a sequence of choices
between two statements, couplets, based on
characteristics of the organism. By always making
the correct choice, the name of the organism will be
revealed.

22. A. one pair of wings
1.
B. Two pairs of wings

23. Modern Taxonomy
Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an organism, is
the cornerstone of a branch of biology called systematic
taxonomy.
Systematics, as systematic taxonomy is commonly called,
is the study of the evolution of biological diversity.

24. A phylogenetic tree is a family tree
that shows a hypothesis about the
evolutionary relationships thought to
exist among groups of organisms. It
does not show the actual evolutionary
history of organisms.

26. Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a
combination of these lines of evidence:
Fossil record
Morphology-deals with physical
structures and organs (like arms)
Embryological patterns of
development
Chromosomes and DNA

27. Fossil

28. Morphology

29. homologous = same

30. Convergent Evolution
These animals have evolved similar adaptations for
obtaining food because they occupy similar niches.
What can you infer about their phylogeny from their
geographic locations?

31. Convergent evolution leads to……….
Analogous Structures -
•Traits that are morphologically and
functionally similar even though there is
no common ancestor.

33. Embryology

34. Cladistics - is a relatively new system
of phylogenetics classification that
uses shared derived characters to
establish evolutionary relationships.
A derived character is a feature that
apparently evolved only within the
group under consideration.

35. A phylogenetic tree based on a
cladistic analysis is called a
cladogram.
What derived character is shared by
all the animals on the cladogram on
the next slide?