teaching; characteristics, and roles of a teacher, principles of teaching, ethics in teaching

1. 30 March 2021
Heera KC
Msc. Nursing ( Maternal Health), BPKIHS
PBN 2nd year Co-ordinator
Birat Health College
Unit 2
10-Sep-18 1
TEACHING

2. Learning Objectives
⚫Definition
⚫Purposes
⚫Principles
2

3. What is Teaching???
3

4. ⚫"I know I cannot teach anyone anything, I
can only provide an environment in which
he can learn." [Rogers 1965]
⚫Teachers act as a facilitator in this
learning process and help them to learn
⚫They act as a guide and supervisor for
the learner in learning the correct
information or skills.
4

5. What is teaching?
⚫Teaching is usually meant to impart or
transfer knowledge or the act of imparting
knowledge
⚫Teaching is concerned with providing the
opportunity to learn.
⚫Teaching is an interactive process between
the teacher and the learner that aims at
attaining certain purpose
5

6. Teaching:
◦ Teaching may be defined as organized
communication between the teacher and
the students.
◦ It is interactive process.
◦ Teaching is both the science and the art.
6

7. Teaching as a science
⚫Teaching is a science in the sense that
teaching activity is based on the body of
knowledge that has been systematically
derived through observation and proved
empirically.
7

8. Teaching as an art
⚫In order for learning to occur a teacher
has to know and use all skill to use
various teaching methods, learning
resources and learning principles. Hence
it is called an art.
“to know how to teach is the
great art of teaching”
8

9. Purposes of teaching
⚫The sole purpose of teaching is to help the
learner to acquire new habits, knowledge
and skills which together enable him or her
to do something that he/she could not do
before.
9

10. Schema Theory
⚫By using schema theory of learning a
teacher can conduct effective teaching
learning.
⚫Schema means building blocks of knowledge.
⚫According to schema theory there are 3
steps for effective T/L
◦ Schema Activation
◦ Schema Construction
◦ Schema Refinement
10

11. ACR
1. Schema activation (find out
previous knowledge)
●Process of activating the existing
knowledge of learners.
●The teacher can do this by asking
questions, reviewing the previous
knowledge.
11

12. 2. Schema Construction
(Provide new knowledge)
Process of providing new
knowledge/information which is built
on the existing knowledge and the
learners establishes relationship
between the new knowledge and the
previous knowledge.
12

13. 3. Schema Refinement
(Summarization)
Schema refinement is done at the end of
the session by reviewing and making a
summary of the session.
This gives a complete pictures of all
information provided to the learners
during the whole session.
13

14. Be FAIR to Students
(Harden and Laidlaw, 2013)
⚫ F=Feedback to the
students (Timely and
ongoing)
⚫ A= Active Learning
⚫ (engage students in
active learning)
⚫ I= Individualize the
learning process.
⚫ R= Relevant (Make the
learning relevant)
14

15. Principles of Teaching
1. Prepare teaching based on students
learning needs (think purpose and level of
understanding of learners)
1. Be well prepared and organize the
information in proper sequence.
● From simple to complex
● From known to unknown
● From concrete to abstract
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16. Cont...
3. Select those learning experiences or
activities that give students
opportunities to participate actively in a
real situation.
Learning is increased when students
are actively involved rather than just
onlookers.
16

17. 4. Create and maintain the desirable
learning environment (conducive)
⚫ Give positive responses to student’s answer:
saying “ an interesting idea or good answer
(for correct answer) or a good try or a
reasonable try ( for attempt )”
⚫ Non verbal gestures- nod, hand movement, a
smile
17

18. Cont...
5. Use appropriate teaching methods
which helps in meeting the learning
objectives.
⚫ Lecture method- learning new knowledge.
⚫ Discussion is preferred for problem –solving
and attitudinal changes.
⚫ Role play – human relation
18

19. 6. Make an effective use of communication
skills
⚫ The use of clear and audible voice, varying
the pitch, tone or volume of voice and voice
modulation to put emphasis on main points
will draw attention of learners.
⚫ Use of pause before or after statement draws
attention to an important points.
⚫ Use of verbal and non verbal cues to inspire
the learners to actively participate, feedback;
and reinforcement
19

20. 7. Use the principle of repetition
⚫ Repetion of stimuli improves the acquisition of
knowledge and retention of information.
⚫ Summarization of significant points (must to
know information)
20

21. 8. Build the system for student feedback
⚫Helps them to know their strength and
weaknesses.
⚫ Feedback about the strength will motivate
for further learning by giving them the
sense of achievement.
⚫Feedback about weakness help them to
modify the wrong behaviour in time.
21

22. 9. Be flexible whenever need arises
10. Bring creativity in teaching and encourage
creativity
◦ A teacher need to introduce new teaching
methods and materials in teaching that
will motivate learners to be creative as
well.
◦ At the same time students should be
encouraged to make novel and original
contributions.
22

23. DIFFICULT BEHAVIORS IN THE
CLASSROOM
1. Shyness or Silence -- lack of participation.
⚫ POSSIBLE RESPONSES??
◦ Change teaching strategies from group
discussion to individual written exercises.
◦ Give strong positive reinforcement for any
contribution.
◦ Involve by directly asking him/her a question.
◦ Make eye contact. 23

24. 2. BEHAVIOR: Talkativeness.
⚫ POSSIBLE RESPONSES??
◦ Acknowledge comments made.
◦ Say: "That's an interesting point. Now let's see
what other people think."
◦ Give limited time to express viewpoint or
feelings, and then move on.
◦ Make eye contact with another participant and
move toward that person.
24

25. 3. BEHAVIOR: Sharpshooting -- trying to
shoot you down or trip you up.
⚫POSSIBLE RESPONSES??
◦ Admit that you do not know the answer and
redirect the question to the group or the
individual who asked it.
◦ Acknowledge that this is a joint learning
experience.
◦ Ignore the behavior.
25

26. 4. BEHAVIOR: Disagreeing with everything you
say; making personal attacks.
⚫ POSSIBLE RESPONSES??
◦ Acknowledge positive points.
◦ Say: "I appreciate your comments, but I'd like to
hear from others’’
◦ Redirect question to group or supportive
individuals.
26

27. 5. BEHAVIOR: Overt Hostility/Resistance --
angry, aggressive, combative behavior.
⚫ POSSIBLE RESPONSES??
◦ Remain calm and polite. Keep your temper in
check.
◦ Move closer to the hostile person, maintain
eye contact.
27

28. ◦ Say: "You seem really angry. Does anyone
else feel this way?" ask for peer pressure.
◦ Allow individual to solve the problem being
addressed.
◦ Ignore behavior.
◦ Talk to him or her privately during a break.
As a last resort, privately ask the individual to
leave class for the good of the group.
28

29. 6. BEHAVIOR: Side Conversations -- may be
related to subject or personal. Distracts group
members and you.
⚫ POSSIBLE RESPONSES??
◦ Don't embarrass talkers.
◦ Ask their opinion on topic being discussed.
◦ Ask talkers if they would like to share their
ideas.
◦ Casually move toward those talking.
◦ Make eye contact with them.
◦ Comment on the group (but don't look at them
"one-at-a-time").
◦ As a last resort, stop and wait.
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30. Role of the teacher
30

31. 31

32. ⚫Teachers are dedicated professionals who
have a lasting impact on students.
⚫Becoming a teacher will allow you to
leverage your strengths and passion as a
leader in the education field.
⚫It allows you to make a positive difference
in the lives of young people, you may want
to consider this rewarding profession.
32

33. ⚫Each day you will exercise your
creativity, patience and communication
skills as you present engaging lessons.
⚫As a mentor and role model, students
will be inspired by your commitment to
helping them develop their unique
talents and intellect.
33

34. Cont...
⚫Curriculum Maker
⚫Instructor
⚫Facilitator
⚫Manager/Leader
⚫Counselor
⚫Evaluator
⚫Researcher
34

35. 35
CHARACTERISTICS
OF AN
EFFECTIVE
TEACHER

36. Personal attributes
⚫Neat, well
groomed,
poised
⚫Responsible
⚫Self confident
⚫Assertive
⚫Resourceful
⚫Tactful
⚫Patience
36
•Self-esteem and
enthusiastic
•Honesty and integrity
•Good judgement

37. Cont...
⚫Emotional maturity and balance
⚫Fair
⚫Co-operative and supportive
⚫Knowledgeable on subject manner
⚫Demonstrates creativity and ingenuity
⚫Open to criticism and tolerant
⚫Approachable and accessible
⚫Flexible to compromise with situation
37

38. Effecting teaching abilities
⚫Giving structural information
⚫Quantity and pacing of teaching
⚫Encourage participation and behavioural
changes
⚫Clarity in explanation and demonstration
⚫Accept feedback
⚫Emotional climate
⚫Observational skill
38

39. Cont...
⚫Handling assignments
⚫Management skills
⚫Ability to develop appropriate progressions
⚫Context specific
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40. Teaching skills
40

41. Cont...
⚫Stimulus variation
⚫Explanation skills
⚫Reinforcement skill
⚫Promoting students participation
⚫Using examples
⚫Questioning skills
41

42. Cont...
⚫Creation of good classroom environment
⚫Use of effective teaching-learning
methods
⚫Mastery of competencies
⚫Professional decision maker
⚫Interpersonal relationship with students
⚫Professional competence
⚫Personal qualities
⚫Student friendly behaviour in clinical area
42

43. Ethics in teaching
43

44. Cont...
⚫Examplary Moral Conduct
⚫Be true to yourself and others
⚫Sober habits-acceptable behaviour
⚫Temperate Disposition- emotional maturity-
self control,self respect and respect for others,
gender sensitivity
⚫Maintaining punctuality
44

45. ⚫Giving freedom of thought
⚫Showing commitment to teaching
⚫Bringing dignity in teaching profession
⚫Not using school influences for any personal gain
⚫Not neglecting teaching with the intention of
personal gain through private tuitions
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Thank you !!