There are 11 pioneers (educational mentors), who constructed their philosophies and theories of education, that formative the ideas of school curriculum and method of teaching in classroom's today.

1. Pioneer of Teaching and Learning
Subject : Foundation of English
Prepared by: THIV samora

2. Content
1. Introduction
2. Comenius : The search for a new method
3. Rousseau : Educating the natural person
4. Pestalozzi : Educator of the senses and emotions
5. Herbart : Systematizing teaching
6. Froebel : The kindergarten movement
7. Spencer : Social Darwinist and utilitarian educator
8. Dewey : Learning through experience
9. Addams : Socialized education
10. Montessori : The prepared environment
11. Piaget : Development Growth

3. Introduction
 There are 11 pioneers who constructed their philosophies
and theories of education.
 Those pioneers formative the ideas of school curriculum
and method of teaching in classroom’s today.
 They called those pioneers as an educational mentors,
whose life; ideas; and behavior serve as a model for
another person.

4. Comenius
 Comenious teaching method is using the sense, rather than passive
memorization.
 His lessons began with short, simple phrases and gradually moved to
longer and more complex sentence.
 He respected the children’s natural needs and interests, thus he
preferred to creating a pleasure classrooms and the lessons are
appropriate to the children’s natural stages of development.

5. Comenius
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
1- Use picture to illustrate concepts.
2- Relate lessons to student’s practical lives.
3- Present lessons directly and simply.
4- Emphasize general principle before details.
5- Emphasize that all creatures are parts of a whole universe.
6- Present lessons in sequence and one by one.
7- Do not leave that lesson until students completely understand it.

6. Comenius
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
 Comenius can serve as a historical mentor/model for
today’s teachers.
 He wanted teacher in their preservice preparation to
- Recognize children’s stage of development .
- Readiness for specific kinds of learning.
- Encourage student to use their senses in learning.
- Do not rush or pressure children but create a pleasant
and comfortable classroom climate .

7. Rousseau
 Rousseau respecting the children’s freedom and letting them
grow according to their own natural instincts, interest and
needs rather then forcing them to memorize book and follow
the rule in the school.
 He believed that human have a natural stage of development
and coercion/ compulsion have a negative impact on children
development.

8. Rousseau
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
There are 5 development stages of human:
1- Infancy ( birth-5y ) : First contact with environment.
2- Childhood ( 5y-12y ) : Exploring the world through senses.
3- Boyhood ( 12y-15y ) : learning Natural Science by observing.
4- Adolescence ( 15y-18y ) : Entering the society.
5- Youth ( 18y-20y ) : Broaden the cultural awareness and
ready for the married life.

9. Rousseau
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
 He has influenced to modern education through
demonstrate the child-centered progressive method.
 It means that children should interpret their own reality
rather than learn information from indirect sources.

10. Pestalozzi
 Pestalozzi regarding Rousseau as his historical mentor, yet
he reversed Rousseau’s method.
 While Rousseau rejected schools, Pestalozzi believed that
school could become centers of effective learning.
 He used group instruction rather than individual tutoring
or home schooling

11. Pestalozzi
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
He organized the teaching method into 2 type:
1- General method :
- Designed to create an emotionally healthy homelike learning
environment.
- Gained student trust and affection their self-esteem.
2- Special method :
- Started the object lesson through stressed the direct sensory
learning and so on.

12. Pestalozzi
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
 Pestalozzi lessons were introduced into the American
elementary school curriculum in the nineteenth
century.
 He believes that education should directed to both the
mind and the emotions stimulated educators to
develop instruction to encourage both cognitive and
affective learning.

13. Herbart
 Herbart is a German professor of philosophy and
phycology.
 He believes in a systematize teaching and he use the
history and literature to construct networks of ideas in
students' mind.
 Teachers were advised to introduce students to increase
the number of ideas and to construct relationships
between ideas.

14. Herbart
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
There are 5 steps of Herbart systematize instruction including:
1- Preparation
2- Presentation
3- Association
4- Generalization
5- Application

15. Herbart
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
The implications of Herbart’s method for teachers today are:
- Clearly identify the skills and concepts they plan to introduce
student.
- Plan organized lesson.
- Test students to verify their skill and concepts.

16. Froebel
 Froebel is a German educator who created the kindergarten
for early childhood education.
 He believed that every child possesses an innate interior
spiritual essence, a power, striving to be externalized.
 Thus, storytelling and singing had an importance place in
the kindergarten program.

17. Froebel
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
Froebel designed the kindergarten as a prepared environment in
which children could externalize their inner spirituality through
activity such as the material that children could shape and use in
design and construction activities including: Spheres, cubes, clay,
sand….

18. Froebel
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
- Kindergarten education grew into an international movement.
- German immigrants imported the kindergarten to the US, where it
became part of the American school system.

19. Spencer
 Spencer is an English social theorist who popular and influence in
the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
 He believed that people of each generation would survive because
of their skills, intelligence, and adaptability.
 Thus, he encourages school to be a place for student to compete
against each other.

20. Spencer
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
He wanted schools to modernize their curriculum to
include the :
- Physical
- Biological
- social sciences
- Genetics
- Computer technology
- bioengineering

21. Spencer
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
 Spencer ideas were highly receptive by American educator.
They raise competition at school to ensure that only
brightest applicants would be accepted.

22. Dewey
 Dewey served as a director of University of Chicago
Laboratory school from 1896 to 1904.
 He believe that cooperative group activity enhanced
social intelligence.

23. Dewey
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
Dewey raise Scientific method as an effective idea to
solve the problem because he thinks that by this method,
children will learn how to think reflectively and directly to
their experience which lead to personal and social growth.

24. There are 5 steps that extremely importance in Dewey’s method
including:
1- The learner encounters a problem they truly interest.
2- The learner locates and defines the problem.
3- The learner acquires the information needed to solve the problem by
reading, research, discussion and etc.
4- The learner constructs possible solution that might solve the
problem.
5- The learner chooses a possible solution and tests it to see if it work
or not.

25. Dewey
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
Today, educators who relate schooling to social change and reform
are often following Dewey’s pioneering educational concepts.
Dewey’s influence can also be seen in “hands-on” or process oriented
teaching and learning.

26. Addams
 Jane Addams is a founder of Hull House and a pioneering
leader in social work, the peace movement, and women’s
right.
 Addams rejected the traditional curriculum that limited
woman’s education choices and opportunities.
 She wanted woman to define their own lives, to choose
their own careers, and to pati

27. Addams
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
Addams work with immigrants so she saw the effects
of urbanization, industrialization, and technology on society.
Therefore, she wants public schools to include the history,
customs, songs, crafts and stories of ethnic and racial group
in the curriculum.

28. Addams
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
Addams’s belief that education must be free from
gender biases corresponds with the goals of contemporary
women’s education, especially equal rights for women and
their freedom to define their lives and choose their careers.

29. Montessori
 Maria Montessori is the Italian educator who devised an
international popular method of early childhood
education.
 As a pioneering women’s educator, she argued that woman
shouldn’t be admitted to higher and professional program.
 Montessori was admitted to the university of Rome and
became the first woman in Italy to be awarded the degree
of doctor of medicine.

30. Montessori
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
- Montessori Believed that children possess an inner need to
work at what interests them without being motivation,
external rewards and punishments.
- Her curriculum including three major type of activities :
PRACTICAL, SENSORY, FORMAL SKILLS.
-For example, children learned to setting the table, serving
meals, washing dishes, tying and buttoning clothes….
-Montessori educators are called “directresses” rather than
“teachers”.

31. Montessori
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
- Among of thousands of Montessori schools worldwide,
six thousand operate in the US.
- Most of these are private schools, enrolling children
between the ages of two and six.

32. Piaget
 Jean Piaget is the swiss psychologist who developed
significant pioneering insights into children’s cognitive,
moral, and language development.
 He used clinical observation to discover how children
construct and act on their ideas.

33. Piaget
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
Piaget identified four stages of cognitive growth
1-Sensorimotor stage(birth-2year)
2-Preoperational stage(2-7year)
3-Concrete-operational period(7-11year)
4-Formal-operational period(11-aduldhood)

34. Piaget
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
-His theory generated not only in the US but throughout the
world.
- Piaget stimulated a movement to make classroom setting
more informal and more related to how children learn.

35. Freire
 For Freire, literacy meant more than learning to read and
write; but it raised people’s consciousness about the
conditions of their lives, especially those conditions that
exploited and marginalized them.

36. Freire
 Principle of Teaching and Learning
An importance goal of Freire’s philosophy is to be
conscious and critically aware of the social, political, and
economic conditions.
Thus, to raise consciousness, students and teachers
need to construct their own life stories and the collective
histories of their racial, ethnic, language, economic, and
social group.

37. Freire
 Influence on Educational Practices Today
- According to Freire, in classroom practice; teachers
should help students to work for social justice by creating
a true consciousness that exposes the conditions that
marginalize them and their communities.

38. Conclusion
 In conclusion, this chapter examined the significant
contributions of pioneering educators and encouraged you
to consider them as historical mentors in developing your
own theory of education.
 But it is your choice to choose who is your pioneer….

39. for your attention

40. Any question????