sanitary fittings-traps – one pipe and two pipe systems of plumbing – ultimate disposal of sewage – sewage farming –self-purification of rivers.

1. By:-
MOOD NARESH
CIVIL Dept
PETW
A Presentation on Pipe Fittings &
Self Purification Of Streams

2. Pipe Fittings
• Pipe Fittings are defined as the piping components
that help in pipe routing for directional changes, size
changes, and branch connections. Piping Elbows,
Piping Reducers, Tee Connections, Olet Connections,
Caps, Crosses, etc are pipe fittings and are widely
used in both the piping and plumbing industries.
• Different pipe fittings serve different functions as per
layout or process requirements. Pipe fittings are
manufactured as separate items and procured
separately. Pipe fittings are connected to piping using
various end connections.

3. types of Pipe Fittings
• Various types of pipe fitting are used in piping,
plumbing, and pipeline industries to serve as branch
connections or other inline piping components.
Common Pipe Fittings that are widely used in
industries are listed below.
• Piping Elbow
– 900 Elbow
– 450 Elbow
– Long Radius Elbow
– Short Radius Elbow
• Tee-Connection
– Equal Tee
– Reducing Tee
– Barred Tee
• Reducer
– Concentric Reducer
– Eccentric Reducer

4. • Pipe Unions
• Coupling
– Half Coupling
– Full Coupling
– Reducing Coupling
• Adapters

5. Piping Valves
– Gate Valve
– Ball Valve
– Check valve
– Plug Valve
– Needle Valve
– Butterfly Valve
– Globe Valve
– Pinch Valve
– Solenoid valve
– Control Valve
• Cross
– Equal Cross
– Reducing Cross
• Wyes

6. Pipe Fittings Types based on
Uses/Purposes
• Depending on the use of pipe fitting, they can be classified as follows:
• Pipe fitting types to extend or terminate pipe runs
– Couplings
– Adapters
– Unions
– Caps
– Plugs
• Pipe Fittings for Direction Change
– Elbows
– Bends
– Tee-Connection
– Cross
• Pipe fitting types to connect two or more pipes
– Tees
– Cross
– Side-inlet Elbows
– Wyes
• Pipe fittings for size change
– Reducers
– Bushings
– Couplings
– Reducing Tee
• Pipe fittings for flow control
• Valves

13. What is Self Purification Of Streams?
 When wastewater is discharged into the river or
stream, the BOD of mix increases initially and DO
level starts falling.
 As river water travels further BOD gradually
reduces and DO increases and reaches its
saturation level.
 Thus river gets purified on its own.
 This phenomena is known as self purification of
stream.

15. Disposal By Dilution
 Disposal by dilution is a process in which the
treated waste water from ETPs is discharged into
a large static body of water or in a moving water
body such as rivers or streams.
 The discharged wastewater is purified in due
course of time, by the self purification of natural
water.
 The effluent discharge and degree of treatment
of wastewater depends upon the self purification
capacity of the stream and its intended water
use.

16. Conditions favouring dilution without
treatment
 Where wastewater is quite fresh.
 SS has been removed from wastewater.
 The volume of receiving body is more than the
wastewater discharge.
 Dilution water having high DO, to satisfied the
BOD of wastewater.
 Where Swift forward currents are available.
 Wastewater does not contain toxic substances.
 Water is not used for drinking immediately after
point of discharge.

17. Standards of dilution
Dilution factor Standards of purification required
Above 500 No treatment required. Raw sewage can be
directly discharged into river
Between 300 to 500 Primary treatment such as PST is
required so that SS concentration is less
than 150 mg/lit
Between 150 to 300 Treatment such as screening,
sedimentation and chemical precipitation
are required so that SS concentration is less
than 50 mg/lit
Less than 150 Thorough treatment is required, SS
should be less than 50 mg/lit and BOD 5
should be less than 20 mg/lit

18. 1. DILUTION
2. DISPERSION DUE TO CURRENT
3. SEDIMENTATION
4. OXIDATION
5. REDUCTION
6. TEMPERATURE
7. SUNLIGHT
ACTIONS INVOLVED IN SELF PURIFICATION
OF STREAMS

19. 1. Dilution
 When the wastewater is discharged into the
receiving water, dilution takes place due to which
the concentration of organic matter is reduced
and the potential nuisance of sewage is also
reduced.
 When the dilution is quite high, large quantities
of DO are always available which will reduce the
chance of putrefaction and pollutional effects.
 Aerobic conditions will always exist because of
dilution.

20. 2. Dispersion due to currents
 Self purification largely depends upon currents,
which readily disperses wastewater in the stream,
preventing locally high concentration of
pollutants.
 High velocity improves aeration which reduces
the concentration of pollutants.
 High velocity improves reaeration which reduces
the time of recovery, though length of stream
affected by the wastewater is increased.

21. 3. Sedimentation
 If stream velocity is lesser than the scour velocity
of particles then sedimentation will takes place,
which has two effects:
1. SS contribute largely to BOD will be removed by
settling and hence downstream water quality
will be improved.
2. Due to settled solids anaerobic decomposition
may take place.

22. 4. Oxidation
The organic matter present in the wastewater is
oxidized by aerobic bacteria utilizing dissolved
oxygen of the natural waters.
This process continues till complete oxidation of
organic matter takes place.
The stream which is capable of absorbing more
oxygen through reaeration etc can purify heavily
polluted water in short time.

23. 5. Reduction
Reduction occurs in the stream due to hydrolysis
of organic matter biologically or chemically.
Anaerobic bacteria will split the organic matter
into liquids and gases, thus paving the way for
stabilization by oxidation.

24. 6. Temperature
At low temp activity of bacteria is low., and hence
decomposition is slow., though DO will be more
because increased solubility of oxygen in water.
At higher temperature purification will take lesser
time though amount of DO is less in the water.

25. 7. Sunlight
Sunlight helps certain micro-organisms to
absorb CO2 and give out oxygen, thus
resulting in self purification.
Sunlight acts as disinfectant and stimulates
growth of algae which produces oxygen during
photosynthesis.
Hence wherever there is algal growth water
contains more DO during daytime.