American Psychological Association Style (APA) 5 Th And 6 Th Ed. In-Text Citations And Reference Lists

American Psychological
Association Style
(APA) 5th and 6th ed.
In-Text Citations and Reference Lists
© By Moses R. S. Isutsa
University Librarian
Pwani University
July 2017

Why APA?
Different professions use different manuals
Modern Language Association (MLA)
 English Studies
 Foreign Language and Literatures
American Psychological Association (APA)
 Social Sciences(Psychology, Sociology, Communications)
 Nursing
Chicago Style
 History
 Arts
 Sciences
APA Referencing by Moses Isutsa 2

Presentation Overview
Why APA?
Crediting Sources: What and Why
Formatting In-Text Citations
Formatting Reference Lists
Resources

Every page of your essay should:
Include a page header (Title, all caps) in the
upper left-hand corner and the page number in
the upper right

Your essay should include four major
sections:
References
Main Body
Abstract
Title page

Page header:
(use Insert Page
Header)
title flush left + page
number flush right.
Title:
(in the upper half of
the page, centered)
name (no title or
degree) + affiliation
(university, etc.)

Page header: do
NOT include
䇾Running head:䇿
Abstract: centered,
at the top of the
page
Write a 150- to 250-
word summary of your
paper in an accurate,
concise, and specific
manner.

APA uses a system of five heading levels
APA Headings
Level Format
1 Centered, Boldfaced, Upper & Lowercase Headings
2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Upper & Lowercase Headings
3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period.
4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period.
5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

Here is an example of the five-level heading
system:

Title Page
1. Title: A concise statement of the main topic of your
paper identifying the variables or theoretical issues
under investigation (no more than 12 words); centered,
uppercase and lowercase letters, positioned in the upper
half of the page
2. Author’s name: The preferred form is first name, middle
initial(s), and last name; centered, double-spaced below
title
3. Institutional affiliation: Identifies the location where the
author or authors were when the research was
conducted; centered, double-spaced below author’s
name
4. Running head designation and running head: The running
head designation is simply “Running head:”; the running
head is an abbreviated version of your title, no more
than 50 characters, in all capital letters. Upper left-hand
corner of title page, flush left
5. Page Number: Page numbering begins with 1 on the title
page; upper right hand corner, flush right

Contents (The Body)
 Aim for smooth, clear and logical communication
Use transitional language within and between
paragraphs, and use verb tense consistently.
 Past tense for literature review,
 present tense for discussing implications.
 Economy of expression—say what needs to be said
 It is generally useful to organize a manuscript with
headings…headings also help to track the
development of a paper.
 APA uses five levels of headings.
 Paraphrasing is more desirable than direct
quotations

Contents (The Body)
 Quotations must include reference AND page
number(s) (from the original source)
 Quotations shorter than 40 words are in text, in
double quotation marks “ ”
 Quotations 40 words or more require a block
quotation, indented 5 characters from the left
margin
 Periods and commas are placed inside quotation
marks
 Use numerals to express numbers 10 and above.
Use words (ten)to express numerals below 10 and
when beginning a sentence:
Forty students improved, three did not improve,
and 25 remained unchanged.

In Text Citations
 Do not use footnotes or endnotes
 Follow the author-date method of in-text citation: The author’s last name
and year of publication should appear in text, and a complete reference
should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper
 Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names
 If referring to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words
that are four letters or longer
 After a colon or dash in the title, capitalize the first word
 Use italics for the titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, TV shows,
and microfilms publications (within text). In general, use italics
infrequently
 In cases of multiple authors, join the authors’ names with the word “and”
if you are referring to them in the text; join the authors’ names with an
ampersand (&) if you are referring to them in a parenthetical citation
 Within a paragraph, when the name of the author/authors is part of the
narrative, the year is not needed if it has already been referenced.
However, parenthetical references need to include the year.

What does it mean to credit sources?
 Crediting sources gives an author or resource credit for
original information. Crediting sources in your paper
includes two parts:
 In-Text Citations: When you present information in the body of your
paper, you briefly identify its source.
 Reference List: On a separate page at the end of your paper, you
write a detailed list of the sources cited in your paper.
 The in-text citations and reference list should credit the
exact same sources.

Why credit sources?
 Acknowledge authors for their ideas
 Avoid plagiarism
 Increase credibility and transparency
 Join an ongoing academic discussion
 Become a part of a professional community

What should you credit?
 Any information that you learned from another source
including facts, statistics, opinions, theories, photographs,
tables, figures, illustrations and charts
 Credit these sources when you mention their information
in any way (quotations, summaries, paraphrases)
 EXCEPTION: Information that is common knowledge
 Barack Obama is the president of the United States.
 The declaration of independence was signed July 4, 1776.
 Pwani university was awarded charter on….

In-Text Citation Format
 An in-text citation usually includes the following
information:
 Author’s last name (no first name or initial)
 Publication date (year only—even for electronic sources)
 Page number (required for quotations; optional for paraphrases)
 The rest of the information about the source
appears in the reference list.

In-Text Citation Format
Author’s name and publication year at end of sentence
 People with bipolar disorder often have lower wages, higher
unemployment, work absenteeism, reliance on workmen’s
compensation, higher rates of divorce, lower levels of
educational attainment, higher arrest rates, and
hospitalization (Leahy, 2007).
Author’s name in the sentence immediately followed by year
 According to Leahy (2007), people with bipolar disorder often
have lower wages, higher unemployment, work absenteeism,
reliance on workmen’s compensation, higher rates of divorce,
lower levels of educational attainment, higher arrest rates,
and hospitalization.

In-Text Citations with Quotations (under 40
words)
Author’s name, year, and page number immediately following
quotation
 Genres are “abstract, socially recognized ways of using
language” (Hyland, 2003, p. 21).
Author’s name in the sentence immediately followed by year
Page number immediately following quotation
 According to Hyland (2003), genres are “abstract, socially
recognized ways of using language” (p. 354).

In-Text Citations
Basic Author Name in Sentence
When you
summarize or
paraphrase a
source
(Leahy, 2007) Leahy (2007)
When you
quote a
source
(Hyland, 2003,
p. 21)
Hyland (2003) “…”
(p. 21)

Let’s Practice!
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social.
 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices.”
 The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social
practices” lends support for social learning theories.
 Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
 Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social

Let’s Practice!
Page number: 8
 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee,
2005).
 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social
practices.”

Let’s Practice!
Page number: 8
 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social
(Gee, 2005).
 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).

Let’s Practice!
Page number: 8
 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently
social (Gee, 2005).
 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and
through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).
 The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning
theories.
 Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through
social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

Let’s Practice!
Page number: 8
 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005).
 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices”
(Gee, 2005, p. 8).
 The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices”
(Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.
 Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
 Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends
support for social learning theories.

Let’s Practice!
Page number: 8
 Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005).
 Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social
practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).
 The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices”
(Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.
 Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
 Gee’s theory that (2005) “language has meaning only in and through social practices”
(p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.

In-Text Citations: Multiple Authors
Basic Author Names in Sentence
2 Authors (Verhaak & de Haan,
2007)
Verhaak and de Haan
(2007)
3-5
Authors
first citation
(Zandt, Prior, & Kyrios,
2006)
subsequent citations
(Zandt et al., 2006)
first citation
Zandt, Prior, and Kyrios
(2006)
subsequent citations
Zandt et al. (2006)
6+
Authors
(Storch et al., 2006) Storch et al. (2006)

In-Text Citations: Other Variations
Basic Author Name(s) in
Sentence
Group as
Author
(University of Pittsburgh,
2007)
University of Pittsburgh
(2007)
No Author (“Study Finds,” 2007)
(College Bound Seniors,
2008)
“Study Finds” (2007)
College Bound Seniors
(2008)
No
Publication
Date
(Basham, n.d.) Basham (n.d.)
Multiple
Pages
(Gee, 2005, pp. 8-9) Gee (2007)…(pp. 8-9)
No Page
Numbers
(Brown, 2007, para. 6) Brown (2007)…(para. 6)

In-Text Citations: Other Variations
Basic Author Name(s) in
Sentence
Two primary authors
with the same last
name
(M. Light, 2008)
(L. Light, 2006)
M. Light (2008)
L. Light (2006)
Multiple works by
the same author in
the same year
(Derryberry & Reed,
2005a)
(Derryberry & Reed,
2005b)
Derryberry & Reed
(2005a)
Derryberry & Reed
(2005b)
Multiple works by
the same author in
the same citation
(Gogel, 1990, 2006) Gogel (1990, 2006)
Multiple works by
different authors in
the same citation
(Minor, 1999; Shafranske
& Mahoney, 1998)
N/A
APA Referencing by Moses Isutsa
29

When do you cite your sources in your
paper?
 When you’re referring to an idea or concept
you drew from something you read.
 When you quote from something you read or
heard.
 When you want to give the reader some
other places to look for additional
information.

How to set up your paper in APA
 Use 8 ½ by 11” white paper, with margins of 1” (or
1 ¼”)
 Double space EVERYTHING
 Font should be pica 10 pitch or Times Roman 12
pitch
 Single spaces between sentences
 Page numbers in upper right hand corners

Other rules
Title page should contain the title of
your paper (not a topic, but a title that
reflects the content of the paper),
your name, the course name the paper
is for, and the date you wrote it
You may use headers and footers (Ex:
Running head: CMC and loneliness)

Headings
Using headings makes it easier to navigate your
paper. In a short paper like your lit review, you’d
probably only use the first-level heading, but this
is what they look like in order:
First-Level Heading
Second-Level Heading
Third-level heading. Begin text of paragraph…

Age of a resources to be cited
 Goldilocks principle. ... The analogy is based on the
children's story, The Three Bears, in which a little girl
named Goldilocks tastes three different bowls of
porridge, and she finds that she prefers porridge which is
neither too hot nor too cold, but has just the right
temperature.
 White papers, medical discoveries 3 years or younger
 E-resources, articles, conference proceedings, lab
manuals = 5 years or younger
 Books 10 years or younger
 Revised edition so long as the edition is the current and
latest version, are as good as new resources.
 Books out of print can be any age as so long as no
fundamental body of knowledge has been discovered
contrary to its contents
34

Goldilocks principle. ...
35

References: Some Examples
 Book
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam:
Combat trauma and the undoing of
character. New York: Touchstone.
 Article in a Magazine
Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days.
The New Yorker, 40-45.

Single-authored book
Book
Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of
persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
*Note: In the 5th edition of APA, there is NO
underlining (everything that was underlined
is now in italics).

Reissued book
Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The
critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford
University Press.
*Note: Capitals in the title of the book are
restricted to the first letter of the first
word of the title, the first letter of any
proper names, and the first letter of the
first word after a semicolon, period, or
question mark.

Dual-authored book
Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995).
Mass communication theory:
Foundations, ferment and future.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
*Note: when listing authors, use an
ampersand (&) in the reference list,
not “and.”

Essay or chapter in an edited book
Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and
entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac
(Ed.), Message effects in communication
science (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
*Note: You must include the page numbers if
you’re just referencing one part of a book.

Single-authored article
Garramone, G. M. (1985). Effects of negative
political advertising: The roles of sponsor and
rebuttal. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic
Media, 29, 149-159.
*Note: The first letter of every important word in
the title of the journal is capitalized.

Two or more authors (article)
Suzuki, S., & Rancer, A. S. (1994).
Argumentativeness and verbal
aggressiveness: Testing for conceptual
and measurement equivalence across
cultures. Communication Monographs,
61, 256-279.
*Note: Can you find the volume number
and page numbers in this citation?

Unpublished convention paper
Thomas, S., & Gitlin, T. (1993, May). Who
says there’s a dominant ideology and what
happens if that concept is falsified? Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the
International Communication Association,
Washington, DC.
Note: Conference papers are less highly regarded
than published works

Internet articles based on a print source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of
reference elements in the selection of resources
by psychology undergraduates. [Electronic
version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5,
117-123.
*Note: Sometimes electronic versions are different
from the print versions.

Article in an internet-only journal
Frederickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating
positive emotions to optimize health and well-
being. Prevention & Treatment, 3. Retrieved
November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre
0030001a.html
*Note: this would be the correct citation format for the
article you abstracted for class

Web page
Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The
hot button. Roughcut. Retrieved
October 28, 1998 from
http://www.roughcut.com

A newspaper article
Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27).
Master teachers whose artistry
glows in private. New York Times,
p. B2.
A source with no known author
Cigarette sales fall 30% as California
tax rises. (1999, September 14).
New York Times, p. A17.

A Sample Reference Page
References
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory. New York:
Oxford UP.
Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war, and
madness—is there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser (Ed.),
The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New York: Routledge.
Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the central
nervous system. The Lancet, 55(2), 331-38.
Showalter, E. (1997). Histories: Hysterical epidemics and modern
media. New York: Columbia UP.
49

• Center the title
(References) at the top of
the page. Do not bold it.
• Double-space reference
entries
• Flush left the first line of
the entry and indent
subsequent lines
• Order entries
alphabetically by the
surname of the first author
of each work
50

If you have references, tables, and
appendices…
They go in this order…
1. Title page
2. Paper
3. References
4. Appendices
5. Notes
6. Tables, Figures, etc.

American Psychological Association Style (APA) 5 Th And 6 Th Ed. In-Text Citations And Reference Lists

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