4. HAZARD
• It is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition
that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihood & services, social & economic disruption or environmental
damage.
• It could be natural or human-induced.
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EXPOSURE
• The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and
other tangible human assets located in hazard prone areas.
5. VULNERABILITY
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• The conditions determined by physical, social, economical and
environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an
individual, a community, assets or system to the impacts of hazards.
RISK
• It is the combination of probability of an event to happen and its negative
consequences.
Risk Triangle
6. CAPACITY
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• The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available
within an organization, community or society to manage and reduce
disaster risks and strengthen resilience.
DISASTER
• A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any
scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure,
vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human,
material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.
7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT STAGES:
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• The organization, planning and application of measures preparing for,
responding to and recovering from disasters.
8. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAZARD AND DISASTER
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• Hazard is a natural event, while disaster is its consequences.
• A hazard threatens life and property, whereas disaster is realization of
hazard.
• When hazard involves elements of risks, vulnerability and capacity, they
can turn into disasters.
• Example- We are standing in dessert and in highly populated city area
during earthquake.
9. THE SEVERITY OF A HAZARD IS MEASURED BY:
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• Duration:
• Magnitude:
• Predictability:
• Regularity:
• Frequency:
• Speed of onset:
10. Vulnerability describes the characteristics
and circumstances of a community, system
or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard. There are
many aspects of vulnerability, arising from
various physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors.
VULNERABILITY
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11. According to UNESCO/UNDRO (1982) :
• Vulnerability (V) is the degree of loss to a given element
or set of elements at risk resulting from the occurrence
of a hazardous phenomenon of a given magnitude. It is
expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total
loss).
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12. The propensity of things to be damaged by a hazard.
Vulnerability == Exposure ++
Resistance ++ Resilience
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13. The people of the southern part of Bangladesh are more
vulnerable to cyclone because of-
-High Exposure of Cyclone
-Low Resistance (lack of proper management)
-Low Resilience (Economic limitation)
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14. TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
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Vulnerability
Physical eg:
Settlements are
hazardous
Environmental
eg:
deforestation
Economic eg:
Insurance
damage
Social eg: age,
low income
Education eg:
social and cultural
issue
15. THERE ARE FOUR (4) MAIN TYPES OF VULNERABILITY:
1. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY:
• Physical impact on the environment – which can be expressed as elements-at-risk
(EaR). The degree of loss to a given EaR or set of EaR resulting from the occurrence
of a natural phenomenon of a given magnitude and expressed on a scale from 0
(no damage) to 1 (total damage)”.
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16. 2. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY:
• the potential impacts of hazards on economic assets and processes (i.e. business
interruption, secondary effects such as increased poverty and job loss).
• The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build
sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves from
being negatively impacted by disasters.
3. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY:
• It refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse
impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and
systems of cultural values. It includes aspects related to levels of literacy and education,
the existence of peace and security, access to basic human rights, systems of good
governance, social equity, positive traditional values, customs and ideological beliefs and
overall collective organizational systems (UNISDR).
• Example- When flooding occurs some citizens, such as children, elderly and differently-
able, may be unable to protect themselves or evacuate if necessary.
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17. 3. Environmental Vulnerability:
• Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of
environmental vulnerability. Example: Wetlands, such as the Caroni Swamp, are
sensitive to increasing salinity from sea water, and pollution from storm water
runoff containing agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, etc.
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18. RISK
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The probability that a community’s
structure or geographic area is to be
damaged or disrupted by the impact of
a particular hazard, on account of their
nature, construction, and proximity to a
hazardous area.
Risk is a function of threats exploiting
vulnerabilities to obtain, damage or
destroy assets. Thus, threats (actual,
conceptual, or inherent) may exist, but
if there are no vulnerabilities then there
is little/no risk.
19. • It is the combination
of all strengths and
resources available
within the
community, society
or organization that
can reduce the level
of risk or effects of a
disaster.
CAPACITY
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20. “The ability of people, organizations and
systems, using available skills and
resources, to face and manage adverse
conditions, emergencies or disasters“
The capacity to cope requires continuing
awareness, resources and good
management, both in normal times as well
as during crises or adverse conditions.
Coping capacities contribute to the
reduction of disaster risks (UN-ISDR,
2009).
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21. DISASTER OCCURS WHEN HAZARDS MEET VULNERABILITY
Progression of vulnerability
Root causes Dynamic pressures Unsafe conditions
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Limited
Access to -
• Power
• Structure
• Resources
Ideologies-
• Political -
system
• Economic -
system
Lack of –
•Local institutes
•Training
•Appropriate skills
•Local investment
•Local market
•Media freedom
•Ethical standards
in public life
Macro forces-
•Rapid population
growth
•Rapid
urbanization
•Arms expenditure
•Debt repayments
•Deforestation
•Decline in soil
productivity
Fragile physical
environment
•Dangerous
locations
•Unprotected
buildings &
infrastructure
Fragile local -
economy
•Livelihoods at risk
•Low income levels
Vulnerable society
•Special groups at
risk
Public actions
•Lack of
preparedness
•Endemic disease
Earthquake
High winds
Hurricane
Cyclone
Typhoon
Flood
Volcanic -
eruptions
Landslides
Drought
Virus
Bacteria
Pests
Fire
Chemicals
Radiation
Armed -
conflicts
Hazards
NOT
PREVENTED
22. 4/9/2023 22
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f D i s a s t e r s
Natural
Disasters
Meteorological
Topographical
Environmental
Man made
Disasters
Technological
Industrial
Warfare
26. 4/9/2023 26
GEOLOGICAL DISASTER
• A natural disaster due to geological disturbances, often
caused by shifts in tectonic plates and seismic activity.
Examples of Geological Disaster
Earthquakes
Landslides
Tsunami
Volcanoes etc.
27. EARTHQUAKE
• Earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards.
• An earthquake is the movement or trembling of the ground produced by the
sudden displacement of rock in the Earth's crust.
• The sudden release of accumulated energy or stresses in the earth or sudden
movement of massive land areas on the earth’s surface cause tremors,
commonly called earthquakes.
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28. 4/9/2023 28
Terms of earthquake
FOCUS(HYPOCENTER):
Focus is the point on the fault where rupture occurs and the location from which seismic
waves are released.
EPICENTER:
Epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface that is directly above the focus ,the point
where an earthquake or underground explosion originates.
Inside the Earth
How Earthquake Occurs
Formation of Continents
29. • Large strain energy released during an earthquake travel as seismic waves in all
directions through the Earth's layers, reflecting and refracting at each interface.
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Body Waves
Surface Waves
30. 4/9/2023 30
Primary Waves (P-waves) Secondary Waves(S-wave)
High frequency High frequency
Short Wavelength Short Wavelength
Longitudinal waves Transverse waves
Pass trough both solids and
liquids
Can not move through liquids
Move forwards and
backwards as it compressed
and decompressed
Move in all direction from
their source
P-wave is faster S-wave is more slower than P-
wave
First P-wave arrive After P-wave S-wave is arrive
31. P and S wave
Rayleigh wave
Love wave
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33. TYPES OF ZONES:
• Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.
• Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.
• Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.
• Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.
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The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones Based
on the observations of the affected area due to Earthquake India divided into
four types of zones:
34. SEISMOGRAPH
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A seismograph is a device for measuring the movement of the earth, and
consists of a ground motion detection sensor, called a seismometer, coupled
with a recording system.
There are two types of seismograph:
Horizontal
Vertical
36. Earthquake prediction is usually defined as the specification of the time ,
location , and magnitude of a future earthquake within stated limits.
But some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are following:
Unusual animal behavior
Water level in wells
Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells
Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake
Temperature change
Uplifting of earth surface
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EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION:
37. EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE
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Loss of life and property
Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways, highways, airports, marine
Damage to infrastructure.
Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams
Chances of fire short-circuit.
Communications such as telephone wires are damaged.
Water pipes, sewers are disrupted
Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport are
severely affected.
Effect of Earthquake
39. IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKE
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• Shaking of the ground and surface rupture:
This is the main cause of destruction in which buildings, bridges, roads, canals and other
structures are damaged.
• Liquefaction:
Earthquakes make sands and silts to transform from a solid to liquid state. This also
results in building collapse.
• Landslides:
Earthquakes of high intensity often trigger many landslides in the hilly regions.
• Fires:
It is a major hazard associated with earthquakes. The shakings of the ground and
building damage often break the gas pipes and electric lines that cause fires.
• Changes in the land elevation:
The surface topography of a region and groundwater conditions are altered after an
earthquake.
40. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR EARTHQUAKES
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• A typical DM plan will include aspects of earthquake management
• like identification of all tasks to be undertaken before, during and after
an earthquake;
• The plans will spell out the strategies for addressing the various tasks
relating to earthquake preparedness and awareness creation, capacity
development, monitoring and enforcement of earthquake-resistant
codes and building byelaws.
• They will also include emergency response, earthquake-resistant design
and construction of new structures, and selective seismic strengthening
and retrofitting of priority and lifeline structures in earthquake-prone
areas.
Earthquake disaster preparedness and risk reduction
41. LANDSLIDES
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• Landslides are simply defined as rapid down slope movement of rock,
debris and/or earth under the influence of gravity.
42. 4/9/2023 42
HOW LANDSLIDES OCCURS?
• THE ROLE OF GRAVITY :
Landslides move down a slope because the force of gravity—which acts to move
material downhill—is usually counteracted by two things: (1) the internal strength of the
material, and (2) the friction of the material on the slope. A landslide occurs because the
force of gravity becomes greater than either friction or the internal strength of the rock,
soil, or sediment.
43. 4/9/2023 43
HOW LANDSLIDES OCCURS?
• THE ROLE OF WATER :
Water adds significant weight to the slope as it seeps into the ground, becoming
groundwater, and adding to the gravitational force. Water also lowers the strength of the
material which can make it less able to withstand the force of gravity. Water also reduces
friction.
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HOW LANDSLIDES OCCURS?
• THE ROLE OF FRICTION :
The amount of friction between a deposit of rock or soil and the slope that it rests on
plays a large role in when landslides happen.
45. CLASSIFICATION WITH RESPECT TO DEPTH OF SLIDE
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NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES:
HUMAN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES:
• Earthquake
• Heavy Rainfall
• Clear Cutting
• Mining
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
Type Maximum depth (m)
Surface slide < 1.5
Shallow slide 1.5 – 5
Deep slide 5 – 20
Very deep slide > 20
58. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• Geological Weak material
• Erosion
• Intense rainfall
• Human Excavation
• Earthquake shaking
• Volcanic eruption
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59. Causes of Landsliding
Geologists use a variety of classification
schemes to describe causes of landslides.
Because of wide variety of causes, no single
scheme has yet been developed that address
or describe all types of landslides.
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61. Internal
Progressive failure (internal response to unloading, etc.)
1. Expansion, swelling
2. Fissuring
3. Strain softening
4. Stress concentration
Weathering
1. Physical property changes, swelling
2. Chemical changes
Seepage Erosion
1. Removal of cements
2. Removal of fines
Water System Change
1. Saturation
2. Rise in water table
3. Excess pressures
4. Draw down
Source: The Royal Academy of Engineering. 1995. Landslides Hazard Mitigation. Westminster, London: The
Royal Academy of Engineering.
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62. Human causes
a. Excavation of slope or its toe
b. Loading of slope or its crest
c. Drawdown (of reservoirs)
d. Deforestation
e. Irrigation
f. Mining
g. Artificial vibration
h. Water leakage from utilities
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68. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Hazard mapping
Land use
Retaining Walls
Surface Drainage Control Works
Engineered structures
Increasing vegetation cover
Insurance
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69. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Hazard mapping will locate areas prone to
slope failures. This will permit to identify
avoidance of areas for building settlements.
These maps will serve as a tool for mitigation
planning.
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70. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Land use practices such as:
• Areas covered by degraded natural vegetation in upper slopes are to be
afforested with suitable species. Existing patches of natural vegetation
(forest and natural grass land) in good condition, should be preserved
• Any developmental activity initiated in the area should be taken up only
after a detailed study of the region and slope protection should be carried
out if necessary.
• In construction of roads, irrigation canals etc. proper care is to be taken to
avoid blockage of natural drainage
• Total avoidance of settlement in the risk zone should be made mandatory.
• Relocate settlements and infrastructure that fall in the possible path of the
landslide
• No construction of buildings in areas beyond a certain degree of slope.
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72. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Retaining Walls can be built to stop land from
slipping (these walls are commonly seen along
roads in hill stations). It’s constructed to
prevent smaller sized and
secondary landslides that often occur along
the toe portion of the larger landslides.
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73. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Surface Drainage Control Works. The surface
drainage control works are implemented to
control the movement of
landslides accompanied by infiltration of rain
water and spring flows.
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75. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
• Engineered structures with strong
foundations can withstand or take the ground
movement forces.
• Underground installations (pipes, cables, etc.)
should be made flexible to move in order to
withstand forces caused by the landslide
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76. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Increasing vegetation cover is the cheapest
and most effective way of arresting landslides.
This helps to bind the top layer of the soil with
layers below, while preventing excessive run-
off and soil erosion.
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77. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Insurance will assist individuals whose homes
are likely to be damaged by landslides or by
any other natural hazards. For new
constructions it should include standards for
selection of the site as well as construction
technique.
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78. Flattening of the slope
Slope at the point of failure may be stabilized
by grading the slope to a flatter angle on the
basis of proper geotechnical investigation
Done either by regarding the slope from
bottom to the top with benching, wherever
necessary or cut in upper hills.
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80. Stitching of the debris cover to the rock
Movement of surface soil can be controlled by
stitching the debris to the base rock with help
of micro-piles (e.g. timber piles)
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81. Retaining walls
Built at the bottom of the slope but the base
of the wall should be properly anchored into
the rock.
Big landslides cannot be controlled by
retaining walls
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82. Grouting
Effective method of improving the shear
strength and decreasing the permeability of
coarse-grained soil. Suitable for filling voids in
the rock mass.
Cement grouts are injected under pressure to
close the voids in the rock
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83. Geotextiles
Geotextiles wrapped filler drains are inserted
into the slope extending beyond the
estimated slip surface.
They are connected to a crib wall at the base
which is made of crushed rock to provide
drainage of water from the transverse drain.
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84. Rockfall Protection
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In many areas rock faces are
‘stitched’ with massive steel bolts to
try to keep material from being lost to
active weathering.
Alternately, surfaces can be covered
with strong mesh or boulder catching
nets can be used.
85. Mudflow Barriers
These kinds of barriers are
designed to catch most sediment,
but are not capable of stopping
very large and very fast moving
debris.
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86. Debris Basins
debris flow
heading toward
neighborhood
debris trapped
in concrete-lined
basin
4/9/2023 86
These require periodic (regular) removal of trapped material.
87. The hazard from landslides can be reduced
by avoiding construction on steep slopes
and existing landslides, or by stabilizing the
slopes.
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88. Stability increases when ground water is prevented from
rising in the landslide mass by
(1) covering the landslide with an impermeable
Membrane
(2) directing surface water away from the landslide
(3) draining ground water away from the landslide
(4) Minimizing surface irrigation.
Slope stability is also increased when a retaining
structure and/or the weight of a soil/rock berm are
placed at the toe of the landslide or when mass is
removed from the top of the slope.
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89. TSUNAMI
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• Tsunamis and earthquakes happen after centuries of energy build up within the earth.
• It is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of
water, usually an ocean.
• A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance (like landslides, volcanic eruptions,
and cosmic collisions) that displaces a large water mass from its equilibrium position.
Tsunami
90. 4/9/2023 90
EFFECT OF TSUNAMI
Destruction
Death
Disease
Environmental impacts
Cost
Psychological effects
91. 4/9/2023 91
STEPS TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK
Avoid Inundation Areas
Slow Water
Steering
Blocking
92. VOLCANOES
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A volcano is a vent or chimney which
transfers molten rock known as magma
from depth to the Earth's surface.
Magma erupting from a volcano is called
lava and is the material which builds up
the cone surrounding the vent.
• A volcano is active if it is erupting lava,
releasing gas or generates seismic
activity.
• A volcano is dormant if it has not
erupted for a long time, but could erupt
again in the future.
Volcano
Hawaii’s Volcano
93. 4/9/2023 93
SHIELD VOLCANO:
• When magma is very hot and runny, gases can escape
and eruptions are gentle with considerable amounts
of magma reaching the surface to form lava flows.
• Shield volcanoes have a broad, flattened dome-like
shape created by layers of runny lava flowing over its
surface and cooling.
• Because the lava flows easily, it can move down
gradual slopes over great distances from the volcanic
vents. The lava flows are sufficiently slow for humans
to outrun or out walk them.
• This type of magma has a temperature between
800°C and 1200°C and is called basaltic magma.
Shield Volcano
THREE COMMON TYPES OF VOLCANOES
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COMPOSITE VOLCANO: (strato)
• These volcanoes are characterised by an explosive
eruption style. When magma is slightly cooler it is
thick and sticky, or viscous, which makes it harder for
gas bubbles to expand and escape.
• The resulting pressure causes the magma to foam and
explode violently, blasting it into tiny pieces known as
volcanic ash. These eruptions create steep sided
cones.
• They can also create lava flows, hot ash clouds called
pyroclastic flows and dangerous mudflows called
lahars.
• This type of magma has a temperature between
800°C and 1000°C and is called andesitic magma. Composite Volcano
95. 4/9/2023 95
CALDERA VOLCANO:
• These erupt so explosively that little material builds up near the vent.
• Eruptions partly or entirely empty the underlying magma chamber which leaves the
region around the vent unsupported, causing it to sink or collapse under its own weight.
• The resulting basin-shaped depression is roughly circular and is usually several
kilometres or more in diameter.
• The lava erupted from caldera volcanoes is very viscous and generally the coolest with
temperatures ranging from 650°C to 800°C and is called rhyolite magma.
• Although caldera volcanoes are rare, they are the most dangerous.
• Volcanic hazards from this type of eruption include widespread ash fall, large pyroclastic
surges and tsunami from caldera collapse into oceans.
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FEATURES OF VOLCANOES
• Volcanoes occur when material significantly warmer than its surroundings is erupted onto the
surface of a planet or moon from its interior.
• On Earth, the erupted material can be liquid rock, ash, cinders, and/or gas.
• There are three reasons why magma might rise and cause eruptions onto Earth’s surface.
• Tectonic plates slowly move away from each other. The magma rises up to fill in the space.
When this happens underwater volcanoes can form.
• Tectonic plates move toward each other. When this happens, part of Earth's crust can be
forced deep into its interior. The high heat and pressure cause the crust to melt and rise as
magma.
• A final way that magma rises is over hot spots. Hot spots are exactly what they sound like-hot
areas inside of Earth. These areas heat up magma. The magma becomes less dense. When it is
less dense it rises.
Cross-section of Volcano
Volcanoes on Earth form from rising magma. Magma rises in
three different ways.
97. 4/9/2023 97
EFFECT OF VOLCANOES
Effects Of Super volcanoes
Effects On The Environment
Effects On Cities And Towns
Problems To Aircraft
An Explosive Eruption
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FLOOD
• Floods are among the most frequent and costly natural disasters. Conditions that cause
floods include heavy or steady rain for several hours or days that saturates the ground.
100. 4/9/2023 100
CAUSES OF FLOOD
• Intense rainfall when the river is flowing full.
• Excessive rainfall in river catchments or concentration of runoff from the
tributaries and river carrying flows in excess of their capacities.
• Synchronization of flood peaks in the main rivers or their tributaries.
• Landslides leading to obstruction of flow and change in the river course.
• Poor natural drainage system.
• Backing water in tributaries at their confluence with the main river.
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FLOOD PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION
Regulation and Enforcement
Capacity Development
Flood Response
Structural Measures
Embankments
Dams, Reservoirs and other Water Storage Mechanism
Channel Improvements
De-silting and Dredging of Rivers
Drainage Improvement
Diversion of Flood Water
Catchments Area Treatment
Sea Walls/Coastal Protection Works
Non-Structural Measures
Flood Plain Zoning
Flood Forecasting and Warning
Flood Proofing
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CYCLONE
• A cyclone is a large scale air mass that
rotates around a strong centre of low
atmospheric pressure. Cyclones are
characterized by inward spiralling
winds that rotate about a zone of low
pressure.
• A tornado is a rapidly rotating column
of air that is in contact with both the
surface of the Earth and a
cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases,
the base of a cumulus cloud.
103. 4/9/2023 103
DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY CYCLONES
Strong Winds
Torrential rains and inland flooding
Storm Surge
RISK REDUCTION FACTORS FOR CYCLONES
Tropical cyclone warnings
Prediction of Severe Weather and Storm Surges
Tracking of tropical cyclones
Cyclone Forecasting and Emergency Management Networks
Real time Data Reception, Processing and Assimilation Capabilities
Parametric Wind Field and Cyclone Risk Models
Structural Mitigation Measures
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BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS
• Biological disasters define the devastating effects caused by an enormous spread of a
certain kind of living organism – that may the spread a disease, virus, or an epidemic.
Biological disasters can also be simply, a sudden growth in the population of a certain
kind of plants or animals, e.g., a locust plague.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
• Biological agents are living organisms or their toxic products that can kill or incapacitate
people, livestock, and plants. Example: Bacteria, Viruses and Toxins.
BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM
• Bio-terrorism can be defined as the use of biological agents to cause death, disability or
damage mainly to human beings. Example: Japan used plague bacilli in China during
1932-1945 causes 2,60,000 deaths.
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PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURE
The general population should be educated and
made aware of the threats and risks associated
with it.
Only cooked food and boiled/chlorinated/filtered
water should be consumed.
Insects and rodents control measure must be
initiated immediately.
An early accurate diagnosis is the key to manage
casualties of biological warfare.
Mass immunization programme in the suspected
area has been more vigorously followed up.
Bird Flu
Plague
Swine Flu
Ebola
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• A technological disaster is an event caused by some human error in controlling or
handling the technology.
• This Disasters caused by technology which involve the failure or breakdown of systems,
equipment and engineering standards that harms people and the environment. The
term itself includes a wide range of modern issues and consequences of technology
mismanagement and engineering mistakes.
• Technology disasters include structural collapses, such as bridges, mines and buildings,
but also industrial accidents, such as chemical or nuclear explosions.
TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS
